Plasma channel dynamics in sub- and microsecond discharges in water

Simulation results of a fast electric discharge and a strong acoustic wave in the water is performed. A theoretical model of a high-current plasma channel is presented. The model accounts for the energy ratio between the input electric power and the plasma channel conductivity, and adiabatic expansion mechanism of this channel in water. It allows you to calculate the dynamics of the expansion of the channel and the generation of a radially diverging acoustic wave. The presented study makes it possible to estimate the probable parameters of the phenomenon: when electric energy is introduced into the channel, its expansion velocity reaches 1.9 km/s, electrons number density in the plasma is up to 2·1020 cm−3. In this case, a strong acoustic wave propagates with a sonic speed (~ 1500 m/s), and the pressure amplitude in the vicinity of the plasma channel can reach 200 MPa. The stability of the model in relation to variations in the initial task parameters has been analyzed. The calculated data for the acoustic wave are in good agreement with the measurements.

The Hydration and Volume Expansion Mechanisms of Modified Expansive Cements for Sustainable In-Situ Rock Fragmentation: A Review

This review provides the hydration and volume expansion mechanism of expansive materials, with the goal of utilizing them in the development of sustainable mining methods. The main focus of the review will be the newly developed non-destructible rock fragmentation method, slow releasing energy material agent (SREMA), which is a modified soundless chemical demolition agent (SCDA). The review aims to address one of the main gaps in studies related to SREMA, by presenting a thorough understanding of the components of SREMA and their mechanisms of action, leading to volume expansion. Thus, this review would act as a guide for researchers working on using expansive materials for rock breaking. As many literatures have not been published regarding the recently discovered SREMA, studies on cements, expansive cements, and soundless chemical demolition agents (SCDA) were mainly considered. The chemical reactions and volume expansive processes of these materials have been studied and incorporated with the additives included in SREMA, to understand its behavior. Literature containing experimental studies analyzing the heat of hydration and microstructural changes have been mostly considered along with some of the heavily discussed hypotheses regarding the hydration of certain components, to predict the volume expansive mechanism of SREMA. Studies related to SREMA and other similar materials have shown drastic changes in the heats of hydration as the composition varies. Thus, SREMA has the capability of giving a wider range of expansive energies in diverse environmental conditions

Performance Scrutiny of Domestic Refrigerator Using a Stepped Mini Orifice as A Capillary Tube Extension with Sio2 Nano Lubricant And R-290 Refrigerant

A stepped short tube orifice has been proposed as a replacement for the expansion mechanism in a residential refrigerator that runs on R-290. The present work is primarily concerned with the impacts of stepped short tube orifices on system characteristics such as net refrigeration effect, compressor effort, pull down time, and coefficient of performance. A stepped short tube orifice is made up of two short tube orifices linked serially and having varying sizes. It is used as an extension to the capillary tube in the refrigeration system. A stepped short tube orifice is built and fitted to a home refrigerator in this experiment. The experiments must be done on a home refrigerator equipped with a stepped short tube orifice, R-290 refrigerant, and a 0.5% weight SiO2 nanoparticle. Following the completion of all trials, the effects of the stepwise short tube orifice on a residential refrigerator were studied using comparison charts. The results indicate that the performance of the home refrigerator with stepped short tube orifice and SiO2 nano particle inclusion was much better than the domestic refrigerator without stepped short tube orifice.

The Expansion Mechanism of the Cooperative Networks of Supply Support Organizations in a Public Health Emergency

The outbreak of COVID-19 has significantly restricted the productive capacity of society and resulted in a shortage of supplies to maintain survival. Lightening the burden not only depends on government agencies, but also needs extensive social organization participation. However, few studies focus on how to promote social cooperation to support the provision of emergency supplies. This study aimed to find out the theoretical mechanism to expand the cooperative networks of supply support organizations during the epidemic. Data from the emergency response to the COVID-19 pandemic in China were used. Three cooperative networks from a progressive perspective were constructed based on the cooperative relationships among organizations. The expansion mechanism was verified by the exponential random graph model. The results show that when the institutional network expands into an interactive network, the composition of organization types has changed, but the cooperative network’s efficiency does not improve much. The matching effect of the organizational type and the Matthew effect of nodes are both effective paths to promote cooperative network expansion, however, the structure effect shows that complex relationship structure is not a critical factor. Our findings highlight the importance of core organizations and the function of different types of organizations in building cooperative network as well as providing theoretical frameworks for policymakers to use in guiding and motivating social cooperation in emergency supplies.

Design and Analysis of a Microstrip Patch Antenna for TV White Space Data Applications

In the present study, an algorithm for big data encryption has been designed which is concerned with encrypting data in a short time and in a safe manner and difficult to be penetrated by attackers and hackers according to the mechanism used for encryption in this study.The proposed algorithm is a development of an earlier NSCT algorithm. This development is based on adding a key expansion mechanism to generate keys by F-function, and also the number of cycles have been reduced to get less time. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in three stages; the first stage is implemented by FELICS simulation to find out the efficiency of the algorithm. In thesecond stage the proposed algorithm is implemented on the Java language to encrypt the text and to find out the execution time for the encryption. In the last step, the proposed algorithm is implemented on the MATLAB language to encrypt images and to knowthe performance of the algorithm in terms of countering attacks by hackers.After performing these steps and obtaining the results presented in this study, we can say that the proposed algorithm is capable of dealing with big data and that it can be considered safe and free from risks

Proliferation of Highly Cytotoxic Human Natural Killer Cells by OX40L Armed NK-92 With Secretory Neoleukin-2/15 for Cancer Immunotherapy

Adoptive natural killer (NK) cell transfer has been demonstrated to be a promising immunotherapy approach against malignancies, but requires the administration of sufficient activated cells for treatment effectiveness. However, the paucity of clinical-grade to support the for large-scale cell expansion limits its feasibility. Here we developed a feeder-based NK cell expansion approach that utilizes OX40L armed NK-92 cell with secreting neoleukin-2/15 (Neo-2/15), a hyper-stable mimetic with a high affinity to IL-2Rβγ. The novel feeder cells (NK92-Neo2/15-OX40L) induced the expansion of NK cells with a 2180-fold expansion (median; 5 donors; range, 1767 to 2719) after 21 days of co-culture without added cytokines. These cells were highly cytotoxic against Raji cells and against several solid tumors in vivo. Mechanistically, NK92-Neo2/15-OX40L induced OX40 and OX40L expression on expanded NK cells and promoted the OX40-OX40L positive feedback loop, thus boosting NK cell function. Our data provided a novel NK cell expansion mechanism and insights into OX40-OX40L axis regulation of NK cell expansion.

Stories Enlarge the Experience of Self

Temporarily expanded boundaries of the self (TEBOTS) proposes underlying motivations for engaging with stories. TEBOTS points out that fundamental human drives for agency, autonomy, and connectedness are imperfectly attainable. As a result, human beings turn to transcendent experiences that offer self-expansion, especially engagement with mediated worlds and the stories and characters they provide. TEBOTS provides unique hypotheses about how the self-concept relates to the selection, processing, and effects of media entertainment. Confirmatory evidence for TEBOTS shows that threats to the self can increase responsiveness to narratives, and that effects are attributable to a boundary expansion mechanism. Recent studies demonstrate that boundary expansion during media use can facilitate positive outgroup perceptions and attitude change. The TEBOTS framework also provides testable propositions regarding the influence of life stressors such as finance, health, and relationships on narrative engagement and enjoyment, carrying potential implications for narrative influence on stressed populations.