scholarly journals Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Surfactants Modified by Carboxyl Groups for Foam EOR at High-Salinity Conditions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8205
Author(s):  
Emil R. Saifullin ◽  
Shinar Zhanbossynova ◽  
Dmitrii A. Zharkov ◽  
Roman S. Pavelyev ◽  
Chengdong Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Foaming Ability ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Nonylphenol Ethoxylate ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Reservoir Conditions ◽  
Carboxylic Groups ◽  
Foam Properties

High mineralization of water complicates the use of foam in reservoir conditions. Anionic–nonionic surfactants are one of the best candidates for these conditions since they have both high surface activity and salt tolerance. One of the ways to obtain anionic–nonionic surfactants is to modify nonionic surfactants by an anionic group. The type of the group and its chemical structure can strongly affect the properties of the surfactant. In this work, widely-produced nonionic surfactant nonylphenol (12) ethoxylate (NP12EO) was modified by new types of carboxylic groups through the implementation of maleic (NP12EO-MA) and succinic (NP12EO-SA) anhydrides with different saturation levels. The main objectives of this work were to compare synthesized surfactants with nonionic precursor and to reveal the influence of unsaturated bonds in the carboxyl group on the properties of the foam. NaCl concentration up to 20 wt% was used to simulate high mineralization conditions, as well as to assess the effect of unsaturated bonds on foam properties. Synthesized anionic–nonionic surfactants retained surfactant solubility and long-term stability in high-salinity water, but have better foaming ability, as well as higher apparent viscosity, in porous media. The presence of an unsaturated bond in NP12EO-MA surfactant lowers foaming ability at high mineralization.

scholarly journals Cobalt-Based Metal Organic Frameworks as Solids Catalysts for Oxidation Reactions

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Amarajothi Dhakshinamoorthy ◽  
Eva Montero Lanzuela ◽  
Sergio Navalon ◽  
Hermenegildo Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Oxidation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Metal Organic Frameworks ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Crystalline Lattice ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Metal Organic

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous crystalline solids whose frameworks are constituted by metal ions/nodes with rigid organic linkers leading to the formation of materials having high surface area and pore volume. One of the unique features of MOFs is the presence of coordinatively unsaturated metal sites in their crystalline lattice that can act as Lewis acid sites promoting organic transformations, including aerobic oxidation reactions of various substrates such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, and sulfides. This review article summarizes the existing Co-based MOFs for oxidation reactions organized according to the nature of substrates like hydrocarbon, alcohol, olefin, and water. Both aerobic conditions and peroxide oxidants are discussed. Emphasis is placed on comparing the advantages of using MOFs as solid catalysts with respect to homogeneous salts in terms of product selectivity and long-term stability. The final section provides our view on future developments in this field.

Monthly Water Exchange through the Ryukyu Islands Revealed by Salinity Structural Changes

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 2335-2339
Author(s):  
Ya Pan Liu ◽  
Jian Cheng Kang ◽  
Jiong Zhu ◽  
Qin Chen Han
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Core Layer ◽  
Ryukyu Islands ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
The Ryukyu Islands ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
World Ocean Atlas

Using salinity database of World Ocean Atlas 2009 (WOA09) issued by NOAA in 2010, refer the range of high-salinity tongue to indicate the strength about high-salinity water, from the perspective of structural changes of salinity; the water exchange through Ryukyu Islands upper 500 m have been analyzed, the results show that: due to Ryukyu Trough, currents on both sides of Ryukyu Islands occur exchange, for upper 500 m, high-salinity water in east of the Ryukyu Islands mainly invade the west waterthe Kuroshio in East China Sea; the intrusion strength is powerful from the depth of 100 m to 200 m, and the 150 m layer is the core layer of high-salinity water intrusion; the high-salinity water at the east of Ryukyu Islands invades the Kuroshio are stronger in March, May, June, September, October and November, are weaker in April and December.

Assessment on the Transport of Polymeric Solution through High-Salinity Reservoirs Containing Divalent Cations

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 2607-2611
Author(s):  
Byung In Choi ◽  
Moon Sik Jeong ◽  
Kun Sang Lee
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Polymer Flooding ◽  
Sweep Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Theory ◽  
Bottom Hole ◽  
Reservoir Conditions

Water salinity and hardness have been regarded as main limitation for field application of polymer floods. It causes not only reduction of polymer concentration, but also injectivity loss in the near wellbore. Based on the mathematical and chemical theory, extensive numerical simulations were conducted to investigate performance of polymer floods in the high-salinity reservoirs. According to results from simulations, the high salinity reduces the viscosity of polymer in contacting area. That causes a poor sweep efficiency of polymer flooding. Moreover, the presence of divalent cations makes the project of polymer flooding worse. That is because of excessively increased bottom-hole pressure in injection well by the precipitation of polymer. The quantitative assessment of polymer floods needs to be required before field application. Therefore, the results in this paper are helpful for optimal polymer flooding design under harsh reservoir conditions.

scholarly journals Preliminary assessment of the potential for mangrove oyster cultivation in Piraquê-açu river estuary (Aracruz, ES)

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Alvarenga ◽  
Rosebel Cunha Nalesso
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Shell Height ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Oyster Shell ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
High Predation ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
Oyster Cultivation

At Piraquê-açu river estuary, Aracruz, ES, the technical viability of Crassostrea rhizophorae cultivation was determined through monthly measures in shell length and weight. Seeds of C. rhizophorae were put in cages and suspended in rafts. Increase in height and weight (flesh and dry) of the oysters was measured. During ten months (July/98 to May/99), oyster shell reached an average of 37.6 mm in shell height and 3.0 g in flesh weight (the whole animal). High mortality rates were registered and could be related to the high salinity water and to high predation observed, especially by flatworms Stylochophana divae and snails Cymatium parthenopeum, as well as fouling organisms such as barnacles, Serpulidae polychaetes and seed of the same species.

Effective removal of 60Co from high-salinity water by Ca–Mg phosphate sorbents

2018 ◽  
Vol 318 (3) ◽  
pp. 2341-2347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Ivanets ◽  
Natalja Kitikova ◽  
Irina Shashkova ◽  
Artem Radkevich ◽  
Lyudmila Shemet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Salinity Water

Trace element determination in high-salinity water using an online ion imprinted helical tube demineralizer combined with ICP-MS

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1306-1315
Author(s):  
Hongyan Li ◽  
Bei Zheng ◽  
Chunfu Li ◽  
Jiale Zheng ◽  
Yanfen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Matrix Interference ◽  
Element Determination ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Ion Imprinted ◽  
Helical Tube ◽  
Trace Elements In Water ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
P Matrix

Matrix interference is a common problem in the measurement of trace elements in water via ICP-MS.

scholarly journals Growth and carcass mineralisation of Pacific whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone 1931 in response to water salinity

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jannathulla ◽  
J. Syama Dayal ◽  
V. Chitra ◽  
K. Ambasankar ◽  
M. Muralidhar
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Penaeus Vannamei ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
Whiteleg Shrimp ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The effect of water salinity (3, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60‰) on growth and proximate as well as mineral composition of Pacific whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei was evaluated in a 45-day indoor trial. Significantly higher (p<0.05) growth was observed between 10 and 30‰ salinity, with specific growth rate and daily growth coefficient of 2.57-2.64 and 2.00-2.08 respectively. Poor survival of 26.66% was noticed at 60‰. Higher levels of protein and lipid as well as lower levels of moisture and ash were found in shrimp reared in high salinity water. Calcium level in whole shrimp was around 30 g kg-1 up to 30‰ and a gradual reduction was observed from 40 to 60‰ (23.49 to16.24 g kg-1). Sodium and potassium contents were significantly (p<0.05) higher and lower respectively in hyper saline reared shrimp carcass. Ca: P ratio was almost constant at 3:1 in shrimps reared up to 30‰ salinity and the ratio decreased beyond 30‰. The mineral profiles of water and shrimp were negatively correlated for calcium (-0.830), potassium (-708) and Ca: P ratio (-0.654). The present results indicate that potassium and magnesium supplementation may be helpful in low saline waters and limiting the mineral quantities in the diet especially calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium may be advised for high salinity shrimp rearing.

scholarly journals Distribution of Arctic and Pacific copepods and their habitat in the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 18661-18691 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sasaki ◽  
K. Matsuno ◽  
A. Fujiwara ◽  
M. Onuka ◽  
A. Yamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Northern Bering Sea ◽  
Salinity Water

Abstract. The advection of warm Pacific water and the reduction of sea-ice extent in the western Arctic Ocean may influence the abundance and distribution of copepods, i.e., a key component in food webs. To understand the factors affecting abundance of copepods in the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea, we constructed habitat models explaining the spatial patterns of the large and small Arctic copepods and the Pacific copepods, separately, using generalized additive models. Copepods were sampled by NORPAC net. Vertical profiles of density, temperature and salinity in the seawater were measured using CTD, and concentration of chlorophyll a in seawater was measured with a fluorometer. The timing of sea-ice retreat was determined using the satellite image. To quantify the structure of water masses, the magnitude of pycnocline and averaged density, temperature and salinity in upper and bottom layers were scored along three axes using principal component analysis (PCA). The structures of water masses indexed by the scores of PCAs were selected as explanatory variables in the best models. Large Arctic copepods were abundant in the water mass with high salinity water in bottom layer or with cold/low salinity water in upper layer and cold/high salinity water in bottom layer, and small Arctic copepods were abundant in the water mass with warm/saline water in upper layer and cold/high salinity water in bottom layers, while Pacific copepods were abundant in the water mass with warm/saline in upper layer and cold/high salinity water in bottom layer. All copepod groups were abundant in areas with deeper depth. Although chlorophyll a in upper and bottom layers were selected as explanatory variables in the best models, apparent trends were not observed. All copepod groups were abundant where the sea-ice retreated at earlier timing. Our study might indicate potential positive effects of the reduction of sea-ice extent on the distribution of all groups of copepods in the Arctic Ocean.

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