HYPOTHYROIDISM: MODERN PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY AND PROPHYLAXIS

По уровню и масштабу медико-социальных последствий проблема йододефицитных заболеваний остается очень актуальной во многих странах мира. По данным ВОЗ, около 2 млрд жителей Земли живут в условиях дефицита йода. Значение йода определяется тем, что он является структурным компонентом тиреоидных гормонов, регулирующих жизненно важные функции организма. При недостаточности функции щитовидной железы формируется полный спектр патологических состояний, называемых "йододефицитными заболеваниями". Дефицит йода увеличивает частоту врожденного гипотиреоза, вызывая необратимые нарушения работы головного мозга у плода и новорожденного, что приводит к умственной отсталости (кретинизму, олигофрении). Наиболее распространенными являются эндемический зоб, гипотиреоз, нарушения физического развития, интеллектуальные нарушения. Последнее особенно важно, так как, помимо очевидных форм умственной отсталости, приводит к снижению интеллектуального уровня всего населения, проживающего в зоне йододефицита. В связи с этим йододефицит становится актуальной медико-социальной проблемой, решение которой крайне важно. Для Казахстана решение этой проблемы стоит очень остро, так как более 80% его территории определяет дефицит этих микроэлементов в воде, почве и местной пище. Все это способствовало росту распространенности и тяжести патологии щитовидной железы в популяции. В статье представлены исследования по оценке специфической физиологической активности при гипотериозе тиреоидной системы щитовидной железы при изучении эффективности биологически активных добавок, содержащих йод. In terms of the level and scale of medical and social consequences, the problem of iodine deficiency diseases remains very relevant in many countries of the world. According to the WHO, about 2 billion people on Earth live in conditions of iodine deficiency. The importance of iodine determined by the fact that it a structural component of thyroid hormones that regulate the vital functions of the body. With insufficient thyroid function, a full range of pathological conditions, called "iodine deficiency diseases", formed. Iodine deficiency increases the frequency of congenital hypothyroidism, causing irreversible brain disorders in the fetus and newborn, which leads to mental retardation (cretinism, oligophrenia). The most common are endemic goiter, hypothyroidism, physical development disorders, and intellectual disabilities. The latter is especially important, since, in addition to the obvious forms of mental retardation, it leads to a decrease in the intellectual level of the entire population living in the zone of iodine deficiency. In this regard, iodine deficiency becomes an urgent medical and social problem, the solution of which is extremely important. For Kazakhstan, the solution to this problem is very acute, since more than 80% of its territory determined by the lack of these trace elements in water, soil and local food. All this contributed to an increase in the prevalence and severity of thyroid pathology in the population. The article presents studies on the assessment of specific physiological activity in hypothyroidism of the thyroid system in the study of the effectiveness of dietary supplements containing iodine.

Data Mining for Source Apportionment of Trace Elements in Water and Solid Matrix

Trace elements migrate among different environment bodies with the natural geochemical reactions, and impacted by human industrial, agricultural, and civil activities. High load of trace elements in water, river and lake sediment, soil and air particle lead to potential to health of human being and ecological system. To control the impact on environment, source apportionment is a meaningful, and also a challenging task. Traditional methods to make source apportionment are usually based on geochemical techniques, or univariate analysis techniques. In recently years, the methods of multivariate analysis, and the related concepts data mining, machine learning, big data, are developing fast, which provide a novel route that combing the geochemical and data mining techniques together. These methods have been proved successful to deal with the source apportionment issue. In this chapter, the data mining methods used on this topic and implementations in recent years are reviewed. The basic method includes principal component analysis, factor analysis, clustering analysis, positive matrix fractionation, decision tree, Bayesian network, artificial neural network, etc. Source apportionment of trace elements in surface water, ground water, river and lake sediment, soil, air particles, dust are discussed.

X-ray Fluorescence Techniques in Determining the Habitat Preferences of Species—Ulva pilifera (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) from Montenegro Case Study

The paper presents four new sites where bright green Ulva thalli were found inhabiting freshwater (a river, a ditch, the Milet Canal) and marine (on the rocky shore of the Adriatic Sea) habitats in Montenegro. The aims of this study were to determine, for the first time, whether specimens of Ulva pilifera collected in Montenegro are phylogenetically and morphologically the same species as the one occurring in Europe. Using total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) techniques it assessed the elemental composition of their thalli and its influence to colonise new habitats. Elements: Al, As, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hf, I, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Si, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn were determined. The highest elemental concentrations were found for Ca = 16.3% (using WDXRF) and for Sr = 292 ppm (using TXRF) in the Ulva thalli. Ulva pilifera analysed from Montenegro, based on classical morphological methods and molecular techniques, are closely related to the same species from inland and coastal waters throughout Europe. The analysis of trace elements showed that the metal content in Ulva thalli is correlated with the trace elements in water and sediments. Ulva pilifera fits numerous features that make it one of the bioindicators of marine pollution, thanks to its worldwide distribution and capacity to accumulate trace elements.

Isotopic-geochemical features of thermal water of the Kyndyg deposit (Republic of Abkhazia)

Subject. The aim of the work is to study the mechanism and sources of water formation, as well as the peculiarities of carbonate mineralization in the aquifer of the Kyndyg thermal water deposit. Materials and methods. The samples of water (8) and deposited carbonates (15), collected at different seasons at three sites, characterized by different temperatures and distances from the source, were investigated. pH, Eh, and electrical conductivity were determined by an electrochemical method. For the determination of HCO3 – , Cl– , SO4 2–, titrimetric, mercurymetric and turbidimetric methods were used. Trace element composition was determined by ICP-MS (NexION 300S); strontium isotopic composition – by MC-ICP-MS (Neptune Plus) using the bracketing technique after Sr chromatographic separation. Results. The chloride-calcium hydrochemical type prevails in the studied waters. A number of trace elements in water exceeds the clarke concentrations for groundwater in the supergene zone of mountain landscapes. 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios (0.7065–0.7072) in thermal waters suggest that their composition is determined rather by the isotopic characteristics of the rocks through which water drains than by the influence of sea water. Among the newly formed carbonates, aragonite prevails. In contrast to thermal water, the concentrations of most metals in carbonates are below the clarke values; only Sr and Se are increased, which content is significantly increased in water as well. Deposited carbonates are characterized by 87Sr/86Sr values (0.7028–0.7074), which are lower than in the source thermal waters. Conclusions. On the basis of hydrogeological, hydrochemical and geochemical data, it can be assumed that the waters of this aquifer complex are formed mainly due to fresh fractured karst waters of lower Cretaceous limestones with submerged monocline dipping into the zone of slow circulation and mixing with sedimentogenic sodium chloride waters. The geochemical data and the presence of scandium anomaly suggest that the underlying Jurassic volcanogenic rocks also participate in water exchange.

Trace element determination in high-salinity water using an online ion imprinted helical tube demineralizer combined with ICP-MS

Matrix interference is a common problem in the measurement of trace elements in water via ICP-MS.