scholarly journals Design of Batteries for a Hybrid Propulsion System of a Training Aircraft

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Michal Janovec ◽  
Jozef Čerňan ◽  
Filip Škultéty ◽  
Andrej Novák
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Hybrid Systems ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
Aircraft Propulsion

In this article, we propose the parameters of a battery that would be suitable for the conceptual design of a small training aircraft. The mass design of the battery is based on the requirements for real training flights performed by students in pilot training. Such a serial hybrid propulsion aircraft could be used in our UNIZA aviation, training and education center for pilot training. Due to socio-political pressures in reducing emissions generated by vehicles, there has also been massive research in the aviation industry in the field of hybrid and electric aircraft propulsion. In the introduction, the article deals with the energy sources used in aircraft propulsion. In hybrid propulsion, a combination of aviation fuel and electricity is used as the energy source. The required total energy must choose a suitable combination of these two energy sources. The biggest drawback of batteries that can be used in hybrid systems is their low energy density. Low energy density means that larger and heavier batteries need to be used to achieve the required performance, which is their main disadvantage. Therefore, it is necessary to find a suitable compromise between the hybrid’s percentage, i.e., the ratio between conventional and electric drive. We applied the hybrid aircraft system’s calculations to the real training flights to determine the necessary parameters of the hybrid aircraft suitable for pilot training. This calculation will help in obtaining an idea of the basic parameters of the hybrid drive and the battery parameters, which are necessary for particular applications in the training aircraft. The performed calculations of the hybrid configuration and, especially, the determination of the battery of the hybrid propulsion parameters provide the basic information necessary for the design of the hybrid system of a small training aircraft. These outputs can be used to determine the parameters of batteries that would be used in hybrid systems. A limiting factor to consider with hybrid aircrafts is that the aircraft must be charged on the ground before the flight, which poses interesting logistical and infrastructure problems at the airport.

scholarly journals Design of a Four-Seat, General Aviation Electric Aircraft

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-168
Author(s):  
Priya Chouhan ◽  
Nikos J. Mourtos
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Electric Aircraft ◽  
General Aviation Aircraft

Financial and environmental considerations continue to encourage aircraft manufacturers to consider alternate forms of aircraft propulsion. On the financial end, it is the continued rise in aviation fuel prices, as a result of an increasing demand for air travel, and the depletion of fossil fuel resources; on the environmental end, it is concerns related to air pollution and global warming. New aircraft designs are being proposed using electrical and hybrid propulsion systems, as a way of tackling both the financial and environmental challenges associated with the continued use of fossil fuels. While battery capabilities are evolving rapidly, the current state-of-the-art offers an energy density of ~ 250 Wh/kg. This is sufficient for small, general aviation electric airplanes, with a modest range no more than 200 km. This paper explores the possibility of a medium range (750 km) electric, four-seat, FAR-23 certifiable general aviation aircraft, assuming an energy density of 1500 Wh/kg, projected to be available in 2025. It presents the conceptual and preliminary design of such an aircraft, which includes weight and performance sizing, fuselage design, wing and high-lift system design, empennage design, landing gear design, weight and balance, stability and control analysis, drag polar estimation, environmental impact and final specifications. The results indicate that such an aircraft is indeed feasible, promising greener general aviation fleets around the world. Keywords: general aviation aircraft, electric aircraft, aircraft design

Transportation: Fuel Energies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Nuclear Fuels ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbons ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Journey Time

Transportation efficiency can be measured in terms of the energy needed to move a person or a tonne of freight over a given distance. For passengers, journey time is important, so an equally useful measure is the product of the energy used and the time taken for the journey. Transportation requires storage of energy. Rechargeable systems such as batteries have very low energy densities as compared to fossil fuels. The highest energy densities come from nuclear fuels, although, because of shielding requirements, these are not practical for most forms of transportation. Liquid hydrocarbons represent a nice compromise between high energy density and ease of use.

scholarly journals Vacancy-Induced Low-Energy Density of States in the Kitaev Spin Liquid

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Han Kao ◽  
Johannes Knolle ◽  
Gábor B. Halász ◽  
Roderich Moessner ◽  
Natalia B. Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Density Of States ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Spin Liquid

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3732
Author(s):  
Muhammad Heikal Hasan ◽  
Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia ◽  
M. Mofijur ◽  
I.M. Rizwanul Fattah ◽  
Fitri Handayani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ammonia Synthesis ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy Carrier ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Technical Advances

Global energy sources are being transformed from hydrocarbon-based energy sources to renewable and carbon-free energy sources such as wind, solar and hydrogen. The biggest challenge with hydrogen as a renewable energy carrier is the storage and delivery system’s complexity. Therefore, other media such as ammonia for indirect storage are now being considered. Research has shown that at reasonable pressures, ammonia is easily contained as a liquid. In this form, energy density is approximately half of that of gasoline and ten times more than batteries. Ammonia can provide effective storage of renewable energy through its existing storage and distribution network. In this article, we aimed to analyse the previous studies and the current research on the preparation of ammonia as a next-generation renewable energy carrier. The study focuses on technical advances emerging in ammonia synthesis technologies, such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and plasmacatalysis. Ammonia is now also strongly regarded as fuel in the transport, industrial and power sectors and is relatively more versatile in reducing CO2 emissions. Therefore, the utilisation of ammonia as a renewable energy carrier plays a significant role in reducing GHG emissions. Finally, the simplicity of ammonia processing, transport and use makes it an appealing choice for the link between the development of renewable energy and demand.

Ultrahigh energy density with excellent thermal stability in lead-free multilayer ceramic capacitors via composite strategy design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiyao Zhao ◽  
Lingling Chen ◽  
Longtu Li ◽  
Xiaohui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
Ultrahigh Energy ◽  
Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors ◽  
Excellent Thermal Stability ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Multilayer Ceramic ◽  
Strategy Design

Dielectric capacitor has received growing interest for advanced electrical and electronic systems. However, the low energy density and poor thermal stability at high temperature severely hinder its practical applications. Herein,...

Sustainability Assessment of Aviation Fuel Blends

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cherie Gambino ◽  
T. Agami Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Transportation Investment ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
The Military ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

Abstract Stakeholders in the aviation industry committed to a goal of 50% reduction in carbon emissions by the year 2050, to be achieved by reducing emissions 1.5% each year from 2020 onwards. There are multiple pathways to achieve this goal however; with, the most promising technology being Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF), which are biofuels blended with kerosene. As the industry shifts towards SAF, it is important to evaluate these fuels in terms of their long-term sustainability, and this is the objective of the current study. Sixteen types of fuels were assessed which include fossil, natural gas, electric, and SAF. A Multi Criterion Decision Making methodology was adopted which considers three categories, namely environmental, economic, and social aspects which in turn are broken up into 8 indicators in all (such as ecological footprints, cost of transportation, investment cost, operating costs, employment generation, and health & safety). A Monte Carlo analysis was also performed to analyze sensitivity of the results to the weights attributed to the three categories. The most sustainable fuel was found to be Hydrogen, with a score of 0.91 out of 1.0. The least sustainable were determined to be the military kerosene-based fuels (with the experimental fuel JP-8 + 100LT being the poorest with a normalized score of 0.50).

High field tunneling as a limiting factor of maximum energy density in dielectric energy storage capacitors

2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (14) ◽  
pp. 142909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Chen ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
Q. M. Zhang ◽  
Shihai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
High Field ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Limiting Factor
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