scholarly journals Dragon’s Blood from Dracaena cambodiana in China: Applied History and Induction Techniques toward Formation Mechanism

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 372
Author(s):  
Xupo Ding ◽  
Jiahong Zhu ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Huiqin Chen ◽  
Wenli Mei
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Dragon’S Blood ◽  
Dracaena Cambodiana ◽  
Defense Substance ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Blood Formation

Dragon’s blood that is extracted from Dracaena plants has been widely used as traditional medicine in various ancient cultures. The application of dragon’s blood has a cherished history in China, even though the original plants were not discovered for some period. Dracaena cochinchinensis and Dracaena cambodiana were successively discovered in southern China during the 1970s–1980s. In the last half of the century, Chinese scientists have extensively investigated the production of dragon’s blood from these two Dracaena species, whereas these results have not been previously systematically summarized, as in the present paper. Herein, we present the applied history in ancient China and artificially induced technologies for dragon’s blood development based on these two Dracaena species, in particular, using tissue cultures seedlings and tender plants of D. cambodiana. Big data research, including transcriptomic and genomic studies, has suggested that dragon’s blood might be a defense substance that is secreted by Dracaena plants in response to (a)biotic stimuli. This review represents an effort to highlight the progress and achievements from applied history as well as induction techniques that are used for the formation of dragon’s blood that have taken place in China. Such knowledge might aid in the global conservation of wild Dracaena species and contribute to understanding dragon blood formation mechanisms, eventually assisting in the efficient utilization of limited Dracaena plant resources for the sustainable production of dragon’s blood.

scholarly journals Properties of aerosols and formation mechanisms over southern China during the monsoon season

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Chen ◽  
Xuemei Wang ◽  
Jason Blake Cohen ◽  
Shengzhen Zhou ◽  
Zhisheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Formation Mechanisms

Abstract. Measurements of size-resolved aerosols from 0.25 to 18 μm were conducted at three sites (urban, suburban and background sites) and used in tandem with an atmospheric transport model to study the size distribution and formation of atmospheric aerosols in southern China during the monsoon season (May–June) in 2010. The mass distribution showed the majority of chemical components were found in the smaller size bins (< 2.5 μm). Sulfate, was found to be strongly correlated with aerosol water, and anti-correlated with atmospheric SO2, hinting at aqueous-phase reactions being the main formation pathway. Nitrate was the only major species that showed a bi-modal distribution at the urban site, and was dominated by the coarse mode in the other two sites, suggesting that an important component of nitrate formation is chloride depletion of sea salt transported from the South China Sea. In addition to these aqueous-phase reactions and interactions with sea salt aerosols, new particle formation, chemical aging, and long-range transport from upwind urban or biomass burning regions were also found to be important in at least some of the sights on some of the days. This work therefore summarizes the different mechanisms that significantly impact the aerosol chemical composition during the Monsoon over southern China.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Chalcone Isomerase Genes Involved in Flavonoid Production in Dracaena cambodiana

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahong Zhu ◽  
Wan Zhao ◽  
Rongshuang Li ◽  
Dong Guo ◽  
Huiliang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Chalcone Isomerase ◽  
Enzyme Activity Assay ◽  
Dragon’S Blood ◽  
Dracaena Cambodiana ◽  
Key Enzyme

Dragon’s blood is a traditional medicine in which flavonoids are the main bioactive compounds; however, the underlying formation mechanism of dragon’s blood remains largely poorly understood. Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is the key enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. However, CHI family genes are not well understood in Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnep, an important source plant of dragon’s blood. In this study, 11 CHI family genes were identified from D. cambodiana, and they were classified into three types. Evolutionary and transcriptional profiling analysis revealed that DcCHI1 and DcCHI4 might be involved in flavonoid production. Both DcCHI1 and DcCHI4 displayed low expression levels in stem under normal growth conditions and were induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA, synthetic cytokinin), ultraviolet-B (UV-B), and wounding. The recombinant proteins DcCHI1 and DcCHI4 were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by His-Bind resin chromatography. Enzyme activity assay indicated that DcCHI1 catalyzed the formation of naringenin from naringenin chalcone, while DcCHI4 lacked this catalytic activity. Overexpression of DcCHI1 or DcCHI4 enhanced the flavonoid production in D. cambodiana and tobacco. These findings implied that DcCHI1 and DcCHI4 play important roles in flavonoid production. Thus, our study will not only contribute to better understand the function and expression regulation of CHI family genes involved in flavonoid production in D. cambodiana but also lay the foundation for developing the effective inducer of dragon’s blood.

Steroidal saponins from dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana

Fitoterapia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Yan Shen ◽  
Wen-Jian Zuo ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
You-Xing Zhao ◽  
Zhi-Kai Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steroidal Saponins ◽  
Dragon’S Blood ◽  
Dracaena Cambodiana

A new steroidal saponin from dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Luo ◽  
Hai-Yan Shen ◽  
Wen-Jian Zuo ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Wen-Li Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steroidal Saponin ◽  
Dragon’S Blood ◽  
Dracaena Cambodiana

Flavonoids from artificially induced dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana

Fitoterapia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
He-Mei Jiang ◽  
Fei-Xiang Li ◽  
Hui-Qin Chen ◽  
Wen-Chao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dragon’S Blood ◽  
Dracaena Cambodiana

scholarly journals Antitumor Constituents of the Wetland Plant Nymphoides peltata: A Case Study for the Potential Utilization of Constructed Wetland Plant Resources

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000
Author(s):  
Yuanda Du ◽  
Renqing Wang ◽  
Haijie Zhang ◽  
Jian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Antitumor Activity ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Osteosarcoma Cell ◽  
Wetland Plant ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Nymphoides Peltata ◽  
Human Osteosarcoma Cell

The efficient utilization of plant resources is a necessary and important measure for sustainable management of constructed wetlands. Screening bioactive metabolites from wetland plants could reveal potential solutions for the utilization of constructed wetland plant resources. In this study, the constructed wetland macrophyte Nymphoides peltata was screened for constituents with antitumor activity. The secondary metabolites of N. peltata were extracted and separated by MCI gel, silica gel, and Sephadex gel column chromatography. Antitumor tests were then carried out with MTT assay against the human prostate cancer cell PC3 and the human osteosarcoma cell U2OS. The secondary metabolite group with the most significant antitumor activity was further examined, and four constituents were obtained and identified. This study provides a scientific basis for the potential efficient utilization of N. peltata and other constructed wetland plant resources.

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