Parameter Localization of Greenhouse Gas Value Model and Greenhouse Gas Storage Simulation for Forest Ecosystems in China

Quantifying the greenhouse gas (GHG) storage in forest ecosystems can support global change directly, from a biogeochemical perspective. However, accurately assessing the amount of GHG storage in forest ecosystems still faces challenges in China because of their wide distribution, varying types, and the changing definitions and areas of forests. We used land-use data with 5-year intervals during 1990–2015 to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of forest ecosystems in China. As three major greenhouse gases in forest ecosystems, the potential storage of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide can be calculated by a greenhouse gas value (GHGV) model. The results showed that the total area of forest ecosystems decreased by 15 × 105 ha during the study period. The area of forest ecosystems reached its highest level in 1995 and then declined. For various forest ecosystem types, shrubbery (Sh) increased by 0.82% but the broad-leaved forest, evergreen coniferous forest (ECF), and mixed forest (MF) all showed a downward trend. Correspondingly, the potential GHG storage of forest ecosystems declined from 156.97 Pg CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) to 155.56 Pg CO2-eq, a decrease of 1.41 Pg CO2-eq. Compared with previous research results, the GHGV model proved to be an important supplementary method for estimating the potential storage of GHGs in forest ecosystems, especially in highly fragmented landscapes at a large scale. Our study indicated that the impact of forest ecosystems changes on potential GHG storage was serious during the study period. Our findings highlight that the GHGV model can be an effective and low-cost strategy to simulate the forest change and corresponding GHG storage. And considering the efficiency of the model and the historical analysis results of many periods, some of the results can also be used to inform the future afforestation programs and assess the expected GHG storage in China.

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Modelling key market impacts and land allocation for biofuel production and forestry

Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences ◽

10.1155/jamds/2006/81071 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2006 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

A. Korobeinikov ◽

P. Read ◽

A. Parshotam ◽

J. Lermit

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Large Scale ◽

Low Cost ◽

Wood Products ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Fuel Wood ◽

Carbon Dioxide Levels ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact

It has been suggested that the large scale use of biofuel, that is, fuel derived from biological materials, especially in combination with reforestation of large areas, can lead to a low-cost reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. In this paper, a model of three markets: fuel, wood products, and land are considered with the aim of evaluating the impact of large scale biofuel production and forestry on these markets, and to estimate the cost of a policy aimed at the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is shown that the costs are lower than had been previously expected.

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ORGANIZATION OF FOREST SOILS MONITORING

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/22673 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 36-40

Author(s):

Сабиров ◽

Ayrat Sabirov

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Forest Soils ◽

Large Scale ◽

Forest Ecosystems ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Small Scale ◽

Soil Monitoring ◽

Balance Of Nature ◽

The Impact ◽

Soil Indicators

The impact of productive activity of human on the ecological balance of nature. Ecological functions of soils of forest biogeocenoses. Regional features of the ecosystems functioning, soil formation factors. Organization of the soil cover state monitoring. Environmental monitoring of forest soils. Objectives of soil monitoring of forest ecosystems. Collection of the available information on forest ecosystems. Choice of monitoring objects. Soil and environmental hospitals. Fixed trial areas. Long-term and seasonal observations of soil properties. Temporary trial areas. Soil monitoring on the route courses. The use of satellite imagery in the environmental assessment of erosive landscapes. Controlled soil indicators. Research methods of soil properties and composition of pollutants. Processing of experimental data using information technology. Mathematical models of the spread of pollutants, the interrelation between soil indicators (in the soil), between soil properties and indicators of the characteristic of forest, the evolution of forest soil. Small-scale and medium-scale regional maps of land erosion, soil contamination by chemicals. Large-scale maps of physical degradation of soils, the content of macronutrients and micronutrients, acidity, humus condition of soils. Maps are accompanied by an explanatory note (soil sketch). Maximum permissible amount of the chemicals (maximum allowable concentrations) polluting the soil. Maximum permissible loading on forest soils under anthropogenic impact. Rational use and protection of forest ecosystems.

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CHINA FOREST COVER EXTRACTION BASED ON GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w10-855-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol XLII-3/W10 ◽

pp. 855-862 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Y. T. Guo ◽

X. M. Zhang ◽

T. F. Long ◽

W. L. Jiao ◽

G. J. He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Random Forest ◽

Large Scale ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Survey Methods ◽

Coniferous Forest ◽

Google Earth ◽

Forest Area ◽

Landsat 8 ◽

Forest Change ◽

Google Earth Engine

Abstract. Forest cover rate is the principal indice to reflect the forest acount of a nation and region. In view of the difficulty of accurately calculating large-scale forest area by traditional statistical survey methods, it is proposed to extract China forest area based on Google Earth Engine platform. Trained by the enough samples selected through the Google Earth software, there are nine different random forest classifiers applicable to their corresponding zones. Using Landsat 8 surface reflectance data of 2018 year and the modified forest partition map, China forest cover is generated on the Google Earth Engine platform. The accuracy of China's forest coverage achieves 89.08%, while the accuracy of Global Forest Change datasets of Maryland university and Japan’s ALOS Forest/Non-Forest forest product reach 87.78% and 84.57%. Besides, the precision of tropical/subtropical forest, temperate coniferous forest as well as nonforest region are 83.25%, 87.94% and 97.83%, higher than those of other’s accuracy. Our results show that by means of the random forest algorithm and enough samples, tropical and subtropical broadleaf forest, temperate coniferous forest and nonforest partition can be extracted more accurately. Through the computation of forest cover, our result shows that China has a area of 220.42 million hectare in 2018.

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Physiological and Psychological Effects of Nature Experiences in Different Forests on Young People

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12101391 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1391

Author(s):

Qiaohui Liu ◽

Xiaoping Wang ◽

Jinglan Liu ◽

Congying An ◽

Yuqi Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Coniferous Forest ◽

Mixed Forest ◽

Well Being ◽

Positive Mental Health ◽

Urban Site ◽

Walking Activity ◽

The Impact

Many studies have proved that having nature experiences in forests is conducive to human physiological and psychological health. However, currently there is little research focusing on the effects of forest characteristics and the experiential characteristics of nature experiences on changes in health. In the study, three types of forest (mixed forest; deciduous forest; coniferous forest) and an urban site were used to measure the effects of these environments on participants’ physiological and psychological restoration after nature experience activities (sitting and walking activities). The study participants were 30 young adult students from Beijing Forestry University. Restorative effects were measured by physiological indicators (blood pressure and heart rate) and four psychological questionnaires (Profile of Mood States (POMS); Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS); Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS); Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS)). Results demonstrated that all types of forest were beneficial to lower blood pressure and heart rate as well as to reduce negative feelings while boosting positive emotions. The mixed forest was more effective in lowering blood pressure and heart rate as well as increasing vitality. The levels of restoration and positive mental health increased significantly, while all subscales of the POMS (with the exception of vigor) decreased greatly in the coniferous forest. Relative to the sitting activity, obvious decreases in blood pressure and negative emotions were observed, while significant increases in restoration, vitality and positive mental health were observed after the walking activity. In conclusion, the impact on subjects’ health restoration varied with different forest characteristics, and the experiential characteristics of exposure may be helpful for creating supportive interventions and lifting the benefits of forest therapy as people interact with the forest.

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Benefit and performance impact analysis of using hydrogen fuel cell powered e-taxi system on A320 class airliner

The Aeronautical Journal ◽

10.1017/aer.2018.156 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 123 (1261) ◽

pp. 378-397

Author(s):

J. A. Stockford ◽

C. Lawson ◽

Z. Liu

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cell ◽

Large Scale ◽

Impact Analysis ◽

Low Cost ◽

Operating Cost ◽

Maintenance Cost ◽

Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽

Hydrogen Fuel ◽

And Performance ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the work carried out to evaluate the benefits and performance impacts of introducing a hydrogen fuel cell powered electric taxiing system to a conventional short-haul aircraft. Tasks carried out in this research and reported in this paper include the initial system design, hydrogen tank initial sizing, calculation of the impact on fuel burn and emissions and the evaluation of the effects on Direct Operating Cost (DOC). The Airbus A320 has been selected as the datum aircraft for sizing the system, and the benefits analysis is particularly focused on the fleet composition and financial data of a Europe-based, low-cost, large-scale A320 family operator in 2016. The maximum power capacity of 400 kW has been sized based on the rolling friction coefficient of 0.02. Based on the operator’s 2016 financial, up to 1% fuel reduction can be achieved using the proposed system and the reduction in total maintenance cost is expected to be up to 7.3%. Additionally, up to 5.97% net profit improvement is estimated in comparison with the annual after-tax profit of the datum operator in 2016.

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Capturing the Impact of 2018 European Drought and Heat Using OCO-2 Solar-Induced Fluorescence

10.20944/preprints202008.0327.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ankit Shekhar ◽

Jia Chen ◽

Shrutilipi Bhattacharjee ◽

Allan Buras ◽

Antony Oswaldo Castro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Fires ◽

Coniferous Forest ◽

Mixed Forest ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽

Added Value ◽

Summer Drought ◽

Vegetation Types ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

Tree Leaf ◽

The Impact

The European heatwave of 2018 led to record-breaking temperatures and extremely dry conditions in many parts of the continent resulting in widespread decrease in agricultural yield, early tree-leaf senescence, and increase in forest fires in Northern Europe. Our study aims to capture the impact of the 2018 European heatwave on terrestrial ecosystem through the lens of a high-resolution solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) data acquired from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) satellite. SIF is proposed to be a direct proxy for gross primary productivity (GPP) and thus can be used to draw inferences about changes in photosynthetic activity in vegetation due to extreme events. We explore spatial and temporal SIF variation and anomaly during spring and summer months across different vegetation types (agriculture, broadleaved forest, coniferous forest, and mixed forest) during the European heatwave of 2018 and compare it to non-drought conditions (most of Southern Europe). About one-third of Europe’s land area experienced a consecutive spring and summer drought in 2018. Comparing 2018 to mean (2015-2017) conditions, we found a change in intra-spring season SIF dynamics for all vegetation types, with lower SIF during the start of spring followed by an increase in fluorescence from mid-April. Summer, however, showed a significant decrease in SIF. Our results show that particularly agricultural areas were severely affected by the hotter drought of 2018. Furthermore, the intense heat wave in Central Europe showed about 31% decrease in SIF values during July and August as compared to the mean over three previous years. Furthermore, our MODIS and OCO-2 comparative results indicate that especially for forests, OCO-2 SIF has a quicker response and possible higher sensitivity to drought in comparison to MODIS’s fPAR and NDVI when considering shorter reference periods, which highlights the added value of remotely sensed solar-induced fluorescence for studying the impact of drought on vegetation.

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The Concept of Minimalist Interventions in General Medicine: Minimum Means, Maximum Effect

General medicine and Clinical Practice ◽

10.31579/2639-4162/018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 01-06

Author(s):

Jose Luis Turabian

Keyword(s):

General Practitioner ◽

Large Scale ◽

Low Cost ◽

General Medicine ◽

Medical Intervention ◽

Maximum Effect ◽

Patient Relationship ◽

Doctor Patient Relationship ◽

Less Is More ◽

The Impact

Practical work requires deepening in the theory. In this way, the intention of this article is to systematize the concept of "minimal interventions", as well as draw attention to the impact that this type of interventions of the general practitioner can have on the patient, however small and insignificant, their action may seem. The doctor-patient relationship creates contexts that act, in one way or another, on the patient. There is no absence of medical intervention, even when there is no conscious intervention of the doctor on the patient. Non-intervention is a type of intervention. Non-intervention is a bio-fiction. The different types of doctor-patient relationship give rise, naturally, perhaps imperceptibly, to different models of educational intervention. In this scenario, a conceptualization and systematization of the "micro-interventions" in general medicine is presented: minimal, imperceptible, briefs, low cost, zen, human size, opportunistic, small and mild, but continuous interventions. These micro-interventions are cost-effective no matter how small and insignificant their action seems. These minimal interventions of the general practitioner are of great importance and constitute an updated form of the "less is more" rationalist, they express the power of the minimum gesture in general / family medicine, and can transform health / disease on a large scale. In this way we can hypothesize a plausible relationship between the minimal but concentrated and powerful means, that is to say "contextualized", and the intensity of the effect in general medicine. The clarity of the reading of a message depends on the appreciation of the context; what counts is not what, but how. The context highlights or "pulls" the message. Many small people, in small places, doing small things, can change the world.

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Hypogeous Fungi Occurrence, Distribution and Mycorrhizal Hosts in Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway

The UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports ◽

10.13001/uwnpsrc.1989.2801 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 111-122

Author(s):

Steven Miller ◽

Nancy Stanton ◽

Stephen Williams

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

National Park ◽

Large Scale ◽

Forest Ecosystems ◽

Coniferous Forest ◽

Root Systems ◽

Hypogeous Fungi ◽

Clear Cutting ◽

Large Scale Disturbance ◽

Insect Attack

The persistence of mycorrhizal fungi in undisturbed coniferous forest ecosystems is assumed by the renewed appearance of their sporocarps each year. Sporocarps, however, are not produced in areas severely disturbed by fire or clearcutting; yet spores and other propagules of some species of hypogeous fungi are present in the soil in the absence of suitable mycorrhizal hosts, and are capable of forming mycorrhizae several years after clear-cutting or fire (Miller et al. 1989). In fact, hypogeous fungi such as Rhizopogon spp. are typically the first to recolonize root systems of new seedlings after large scale disturbance such as fire, insect attack, or clearcutting (Miller et al. 1989). Are these fungi residual in the soil from previously existing spore banks, or are they continuously being restocked into the area? Information on strategies for persistence, propagation and survival of ectomycorrhizal fungi is required before responses of forest ecosystems to fire and other disturbance can be understood.

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A simple model to estimate exchange rates of nitrogen dioxide between the atmosphere and forests

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-2-1033-2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 1033-1065 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Duyzer ◽

K. Pilegaard ◽

D. Simpson ◽

H. Weststrate ◽

S. Walton

Keyword(s):

Simple Model ◽

Large Scale ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Dispersion Model ◽

Coniferous Forest ◽

Model Calculations ◽

Exchange Processes ◽

Reactive Gases ◽

Trunk Space ◽

The Impact

Abstract. A simple model (2layer) was constructed that describes the exchange of the reactive gases NO, NO2 and O3 between forest and the atmosphere. The model uses standard equations to describe exchange processes and uptake of gases. It also takes into account reactions taking place in the trunk space between NO and O3 and photolysis of NO2. All equations are solved analytically leading to a scheme efficient enough to allow implementation in a large scale dispersion model such as the EMEP model. The model is tested on two comprehensive datasets obtained in a coniferous forest and a deciduous forest. The model calculations of NO2 and O3 fluxes to the forest were compared with observations of these fluxes. Although the comparison is often not perfect some of the striking features of the observed fluxes i.e. upward fluxes of NO2 were simulated quite well. The impact of chemical reactions between O3, NO and NO2 in the trunk space appear to have a significant effect on the deposition rate of O2. This is especially true during the night and more so for forests emitting large amounts of NO.

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Techno-economic analysis for manufacturing cross-laminated timber

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.14.4.7790-7804 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 7790-7804

Author(s):

Kristin Brandt ◽

Alex Wilson ◽

Donald Bender ◽

James D. Dolan ◽

Michael P. Wolcott

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Large Scale ◽

Low Cost ◽

Embodied Energy ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Selling Price ◽

Energy Prices ◽

Cross Laminated Timber ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a bio-based building material that enables rapid construction and buildings with low embodied energy. Despite its comparative maturity in European markets, relatively little information regarding process design and economics for the manufacture of cross-laminated timber is available in the literature. Two techno-economic analyses were conducted to quantify the mill-gate cost of cross-laminated timber. The cross-laminated timber manufacturing process was described, and costs were analyzed for two facility scales. Cross-laminated timber produced at the large-scale facility using lumber priced at an average value for the northwest United States has a minimum selling price of $536/m3. Sensitivity analyses were used to define the impact of plant size, asset utilization, lumber price, plant capital cost, material waste, and other variables on minimum selling price. The cost of cross laminated timber rises quickly when a facility is not fully utilized. The second-ranking cost controlling variable is lumber price, while energy prices have minimal influence. The price of cross laminated timber can be optimized by locating a facility near low-cost lumber. The lowest-price region analyzed was the southeast United States using Southern Pine, which reduced the cost of cross laminated timber to $518/m3.

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