scholarly journals Transition Dates from Earlywood to Latewood and Early Phloem to Late Phloem in Norway Spruce

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Jožica Gričar ◽  
Katarina Čufar ◽  
Klemen Eler ◽  
Vladimír Gryc ◽  
Hanuš Vavrčík ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Specific Contribution

Climate change will affect radial growth patterns of trees, which will result in different forest productivity, wood properties, and timber quality. While many studies have been published on xylem phenology and anatomy lately, little is known about the phenology of earlywood and latewood formation, also in relation to cambial phenology. Even less information is available for phloem. Here, we examined year-to-year variability of the transition dates from earlywood to latewood and from early phloem to late phloem in Norway spruce (Picea abies) from three temperate sites, two in Slovenia and one in the Czech Republic. Data on xylem and phloem formation were collected during 2009–2011. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the specific contribution of growth rate and duration on wood and phloem production, separately for early and late formed parts. We found significant differences in the transition date from earlywood to latewood between the selected sites, but not between growth seasons in trees from the same site. It occurred in the first week of July at PAN and MEN and more than two weeks later at RAJ. The duration of earlywood formation was longer than that of latewood formation; from 31.4 days at PAN to 61.3 days at RAJ. In phloem, we found differences in transition date from early phloem to late phloem also between the analysed growth seasons; from 2.5 weeks at PAN to 4 weeks at RAJ Compared to the transition from earlywood to latewood the transition from early phloem to late phloem occurred 25–64 days earlier. There was no significant relationship between the onset of cambial cell production and the transition dates. The findings are important to better understand the inter-annual variability of these phenological events in spruce from three contrasting temperate sites, and how it is reflected in xylem and phloem anatomy.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Radial Growth Response of Picea crassifolia to Climate Change in Different Regions of the Central and Eastern Qilian Mountains

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1015
Author(s):  
Xuan Wu ◽  
Liang Jiao ◽  
Dashi Du ◽  
Changliang Qi ◽  
Ruhong Xue
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Qilian Mountains ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Picea Crassifolia ◽  
The Qilian Mountains

It is important to explore the responses of radial tree growth in different regions to understand growth patterns and to enhance forest management and protection with climate change. We constructed tree ring width chronologies of Picea crassifolia from different regions of the Qilian Mountains of northwest China. We used Pearson correlation and moving correlation to analyze the main climate factors limiting radial growth of trees and the temporal stability of the growth–climate relationship, while spatial correlation is the result of further testing the first two terms in space. The conclusions were as follows: (1) Radial growth had different trends, showing an increasing followed by a decreasing trend in the central region, a continuously increasing trend in the eastern region, and a gradually decreasing trend in the isolated mountain. (2) Radial tree growth in the central region and isolated mountains was constrained by drought stress, and tree growth in the central region was significantly negatively correlated with growing season temperature. Isolated mountains showed a significant negative correlation with mean minimum of growing season and a significant positive correlation with total precipitation. (3) Temporal dynamic responses of radial growth in the central region to the temperatures and SPEI (the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index) in the growing season were unstable, the isolated mountains to total precipitation was unstable, and that to SPEI was stable. The results of this study suggest that scientific management and maintenance plans of the forest ecosystem should be developed according to the response and growth patterns of the Qinghai spruce to climate change in different regions of the Qilian Mountains.

scholarly journals Timeline of Leaf and Cambial Phenology in Relation to Development of Initial Conduits in Xylem and Phloem in Three Coexisting Sub-Mediterranean Deciduous Tree Species

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1104
Author(s):  
Jožica Gričar ◽  
Andreja Vedenik ◽  
Gregor Skoberne ◽  
Polona Hafner ◽  
Peter Prislan
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Cell Production ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Earlywood Vessels

It is unclear how the anticipated climate change will affect the timing of phenology of different tree organs/tissues and thus the whole-tree functioning. We examined the timing of leaf phenology and secondary growth in three coexisting deciduous tree species (Quercus pubescens Willd., Fraxinus ornus L. and Ostrya carpinifolia Scop) from a sub-Mediterranean region in 2019. In addition, we investigated the relationship between leaf and cambial phenology and the onset of the potential functioning of initial conduits, as determined by the completed differentiation process (vessels) or final size (sieve tubes). For this purpose, leaf development was monitored and the microcores of cambium and the youngest phloem and xylem increments were repeatedly collected at 7–10-day intervals during the growing season. The results revealed differences in the timing of leaf development and seasonal radial growth patterns in spring among the studied tree species, depending on wood porosity. We found that cambial cell production started in all cases in the first half of March. However, in ring-porous Q. pubescens and F. ornus, radial growth in the stem occurred more than a month before buds were swollen, whereas in diffuse-porous O. carpinifolia, these two events were detected at almost the same time. The end of cambial cell production occurred earliest in F. ornus (mid-July) and two weeks later also in the other two species. The widest initial earlywood vessels and early phloem sieve tubes were found in Q. pubescens, the narrowest initial earlywood vessels in O. carpinifolia and the narrowest early phloem sieve tubes in F. ornus. This indicates differences in the efficiency of conducting systems among the studied species. This novel approach of studying phloem phenology and anatomy in relation to leaf and xylem development contributes to a better understanding of how different tree species adapt their structure of secondary vascular tissues in response to environmental change.

scholarly journals Radial Growth Patterns Associated with Tree Mortality in Nothofagus pumilio Forest

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milagros Rodríguez-Catón ◽  
Ricardo Villalba ◽  
Ana Srur ◽  
A. Park Williams
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Forest Dynamics ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Growth Trends

Tree mortality is a key process in forest dynamics. Despite decades of effort to understand this process, many uncertainties remain. South American broadleaf species are particularly under-represented in global studies on mortality and forest dynamics. We sampled monospecific broadleaf Nothofagus pumilio forests in northern Patagonia to predict tree mortality based on stem growth. Live or dead conditions in N. pumilio trees can be predicted with high accuracy using growth rate as an explanatory variable in logistic models. In Paso Córdova (CO), Argentina, where the models were calibrated, the probability of death was a strong negative function of radial growth, particularly during the six years prior to death. In addition, negative growth trends during 30 to 45 years prior to death increased the accuracy of the models. The CO site was affected by an extreme drought during the summer 1978–1979, triggering negative trends in radial growth of many trees. Individuals showing below-average and persistent negative trends in radial growth are more likely to die than those showing high growth rates and positive growth trends in recent decades, indicating the key role of droughts in inducing mortality. The models calibrated at the CO site showed high verification skill by accurately predicting tree mortality at two independent sites 76 and 141 km away. Models based on relative growth rates showed the highest and most balanced accuracy for both live and dead individuals. Thus, the death of individuals across different N. pumilio sites was largely determined by the growth rate relative to the total size of the individuals. Our findings highlight episodic severe drought as a triggering mechanism for growth decline and eventual death for N. pumilio, similar to results found previously for several other species around the globe. In the coming decades, many forests globally will be exposed to more frequent and/or severe episodes of reduced warm-season soil moisture. Tree-ring studies such as this one can aid prediction of future changes in forest productivity, mortality, and composition.

Evaluation of xylem maturation and the effects of radial growth rate on anatomical characteristics and wood properties of Azadirachta excelsa planted in Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imam Wahyudi ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Kazuko Makino ◽  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Yuya Takashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Radial Growth Rate ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics

scholarly journals Effects of radial growth rate on anatomical characteristics and wood properties of 10-year-old Dysoxylum mollissimum trees planted in Bengkulu, Indonesia

Tropics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Mirai Hirano ◽  
Ridwan Yahya ◽  
Imam Wahyudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Radial Growth Rate ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF RADIAL GROWTH RATE ON ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND WOOD PROPERTIES IN PERONEMA CANESCENS TREES PLANTED IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
F Ishiguri ◽  
I Wahyudi ◽  
Y Takashima ◽  
J Ohshima ◽  
S Yokota
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Radial Growth Rate ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics

scholarly journals A universal growth limit for circular lichens

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (143) ◽  
pp. 20180063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnese Seminara ◽  
Joerg Fritz ◽  
Michael P. Brenner ◽  
Anne Pringle
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Radial Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Limit ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Circular Disks ◽  
Lichen Growth

Lichens fix carbon dioxide from the air to build biomass. Crustose and foliose lichens grow as nearly flat, circular disks. Smaller individuals grow slowly, but with small, steady increases in radial growth rate over time. Larger individuals grow more quickly and with a roughly constant radial velocity maintained over the lifetime of the lichen. We translate the coffee drop effect to model lichen growth and demonstrate that growth patterns follow directly from the diffusion of carbon dioxide in the air around a lichen. When a lichen is small, carbon dioxide is fixed across its surface, and the entire thallus contributes to radial growth, but when a lichen is larger carbon dioxide is disproportionately fixed at the edges of an individual, which are the primary drivers of growth. Tests of the model against data suggest it provides an accurate, robust, and universal framework for understanding the growth dynamics of both large and small lichens in nature.

scholarly journals Growth rate and wood properties of Norway spruce cutting clones on different sites

Silva Fennica ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanni Raiskila ◽  
Pekka Saranpää ◽  
Kurt Fagerstedt ◽  
Tapio Laakso ◽  
Mia Löija ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Properties

The Effects of Radial Growth Rate on Wood Properties and Anatomical Characteristics and an Evaluation of the Xylem Maturation Process in a Tropical Fast-Growing Tree Species, Gmelina arborea

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Hidayati ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Kazuko Makino ◽  
Jun Tanabe ◽  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Maturation Process ◽  
Radial Growth Rate ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Fast Growing

EVALUATION OF BABY CARROT CULTIVARS AND THEIR GROWTH PATTERNS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 911-915
Author(s):  
A. LIPTAY ◽  
J. K. MUEHMER
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Radial Growth Rate ◽  
Agronomic Characters ◽  
The Third

In the assessment of baby carrot cultivars for various agronomic characters, three patterns of growth were observed in various carrot cultivars. Carrots of the first growth pattern had a rapid longitudinal rate of extension relative to their radial growth rate. These roots outgrew the baby carrot length earlier than other cultivars. In the second type of growth, radial extension was rapid relative to longitudinal growth and consequently these carrots became too thick before achieving sufficient length. Carrots from cultivars with the third pattern of growth had a desirable longitudinal rate of extension relative to radial growth. It was furthermore observed that under very wet soil conditions longitudinal growth was inhibited more than radial growth.

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