scholarly journals Status of Charcoal Canker on Oak Trees at a Site of Community Importance: Case Study of the Relict Castelfidardo Forest (SIC Area IT520008, Castelfidardo, AN, Italy)

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1032
Author(s):  
Sergio Murolo ◽  
Jonathan Concas ◽  
Alessandro Salerno ◽  
Fedele Maiorano ◽  
Lorenzo Cingolani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Association ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Bark Tissue ◽  
Worldwide Phenomenon ◽  
Disease Agent ◽  
Charcoal Disease ◽  
Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact

Oaks are dominant and key tree species in Mediterranean forest ecosystems. However, in recent decades, oak forests have been heavily impacted by oak decline, a worldwide phenomenon exacerbated by climate change. The charcoal disease agent Biscogniauxia mediterranea is involved in the decline of Mediterranean oak formations in a variety of contexts. Here, we investigated the impact and role of B. mediterranea in the decline of oaks in Castelfidardo Forest, a relict wood of the late Holocene and a Site of Community Importance. We established five plots within which we recorded tree positions, any symptoms and signs of decline, association of B. mediterranea to declining trees, and deadwood and associated mycota. Of 471 oaks inspected, 7.0% showed brownish exudates on the stems, 46.9% showed epicormic shoots along the main trunk, and 24.4% showed black carbonaceous stromata on diseased branches and trunks. The decline was most severe for Quercus cerris, which comprised plots #4 and #5, at 50.0% (81/162 trees) and 29.0% (33/114), respectively; then for Quercus robur for plot #3, at 40.0% (38/95); and finally for Quercus pubescens for plots #1 and #2, at 13.7% (7/51) and 12.3% (6/49), respectively. Bark tissue was collected from trees with charcoal cankers via microscopy examination and identified by mycological and molecular methods. This investigation revealed a close association between oaks with pronounced reduction of vitality and incidence of B. mediterranea. Deadwood was equally distributed among the five plots, and was heavily colonized by Basidiomycota. The high incidence of the charcoal canker pathogen B. mediterranea appeared to be related to environmental stresses. However, the absence of silvicultural management, high competition among physiologically mature trees, and the geographic isolation of this residual forest may have predisposed oaks to decline.

scholarly journals Impact of Charcoal Canker on Oak Trees at a Site of Community Importance: Case Study of the Relict Castelfidardo Forest (SIC Area IT520008, Castelfidardo, AN, Italy)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Murolo ◽  
Jonathan Concas ◽  
Alessandro Salerno ◽  
Fedele Maiorano ◽  
Lorenzo Cingolani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Association ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Bark Tissue ◽  
Worldwide Phenomenon ◽  
Disease Agent ◽  
Charcoal Disease ◽  
Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact

Oaks are a dominant and key tree species in Mediterranean forest ecosystems. However, in recent decades, oak forests have been heavily impacted by oak decline, a worldwide phenomenon exacerbated by climate change. The charcoal disease agent Biscogniauxia mediterranea is involved in the decline of Mediterranean oak formations in a variety of contexts. Here, we investigated the impact and role of B. mediterranea in decline of oaks in Castelfidardo Forest, a relict wood of the late Holocene and a Site of Community Importance. We established five plots within which we recorded the tree positions, any symptoms and signs of decline, association of B. mediterranea to declining trees, and the deadwood and associated mycota. Of 471 oaks inspected, 7.0% showed brownish exudates on the stems, 46.9% showed epicormic shoots along the main trunk, and 24.4% showed black carbonaceous stromata on diseased branches and trunks. The decline was most severe for Quercus cerris, which comprised plots #4 and #5, at 50.0% (81/162 trees) and 29.0% (33/114), respectively; then for Quercus robur for plot #3, at 40.0% (38/95); and finally for Quercus pubescens for plots #1 and #2, at 13.7% (7/51) and 12.3% (6/49), respectively. Bark tissue was collected from trees with charcoal cankers, with microscopy examination and identification by mycological and molecular methods. This investigation revealed close association between oaks with pronounced reduction of vitality and incidence of B. mediterranea. The deadwood was equally distributed among the five plots, and was heavily colonized by Basidiomycota. The high incidence of this oak-weakening pathogen B. mediterranea appears to be related to stress conditions (e.g., water scarcity, prolonged drought). However, absence of silvicultural management, high competition among physiologically mature trees, and the geographic isolation of this residual forest might have predisposed these oaks to decline.

Fictive Fathers in the Field

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-273
Author(s):  
Katrina Daly Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact

Through my own narrative about my relationship with my fictive father in Zanzibar and the impact of this relationship on my research, in this autoethnographic essay I explore three themes: fictiveness, fatherhood, and the field. These themes tie together different aspects of the term “patriography,” linking them to ethnography and its subgenre autoethnography. Drawing on the term “patriography” as the science or study of fathers, I use the concept of “the field” to examine the impact of narratives about fathers on not only the field as a site of ethnographic research but also on the field of African cultural studies.

scholarly journals Consideration of Gut Microbiome in Murine Models of Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1062
Author(s):  
Chunye Zhang ◽  
Craig L. Franklin ◽  
Aaron C. Ericsson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Potential Contributor ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Models Of Disease ◽  
The Impact

The gut microbiome (GM), a complex community of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi located in the gut of humans and animals, plays significant roles in host health and disease. Animal models are widely used to investigate human diseases in biomedical research and the GM within animal models can change due to the impact of many factors, such as the vendor, husbandry, and environment. Notably, variations in GM can contribute to differences in disease model phenotypes, which can result in poor reproducibility in biomedical research. Variation in the gut microbiome can also impact the translatability of animal models. For example, standard lab mice have different pathogen exposure experiences when compared to wild or pet store mice. As humans have antigen experiences that are more similar to the latter, the use of lab mice with more simplified microbiomes may not yield optimally translatable data. Additionally, the literature describes many methods to manipulate the GM and differences between these methods can also result in differing interpretations of outcomes measures. In this review, we focus on the GM as a potential contributor to the poor reproducibility and translatability of mouse models of disease. First, we summarize the important role of GM in host disease and health through different gut–organ axes and the close association between GM and disease susceptibility through colonization resistance, immune response, and metabolic pathways. Then, we focus on the variation in the microbiome in mouse models of disease and address how this variation can potentially impact disease phenotypes and subsequently influence research reproducibility and translatability. We also discuss the variations between genetic substrains as potential factors that cause poor reproducibility via their effects on the microbiome. In addition, we discuss the utility of complex microbiomes in prospective studies and how manipulation of the GM through differing transfer methods can impact model phenotypes. Lastly, we emphasize the need to explore appropriate methods of GM characterization and manipulation.

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of land degradation on crop production: the case of Senegal

Solid Earth ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. J. S. Sonneveld ◽  
M. A. Keyzer ◽  
D. Ndiaye
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Land degradation has been a persistent problem in Senegal for more than a century and by now has become a serious impediment to long-term development. In this paper, we quantify the impact of land degradation on crop yields using the results of a nationwide land degradation assessment. For this, the study needs to address two issues. First, the land degradation assessment comprises qualitative expert judgements that have to be converted into more objective, quantitative terms. We propose a land degradation index and assess its plausibility. Second, observational data on soils, land use, and rainfall do not provide sufficient information to isolate the impact of land degradation. We, therefore, design a pseudo-experiment that for sites with otherwise similar circumstances compares the yield of a site with and one without land degradation. This pairing exercise is conducted under a gradual refining of the classification of circumstances, until a more or less stable response to land degradation is obtained. In this way, we hope to have controlled sufficiently for confounding variables that will bias the estimation of the impact of land degradation on crop yields. A small number of shared characteristics reveal tendencies of "severe" land degradation levels being associated with declining yields as compared to similar sites with "low" degradation levels. However, as we zoom in at more detail some exceptions come to the fore, in particular in areas without fertilizer application. Yet, our overall conclusion is that yield reduction is associated with higher levels of land degradation, irrespective of whether fertilizer is being applied or not.

scholarly journals Iron-bound organic carbon in forest soils: quantification and characterization

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4777-4788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zhao ◽  
Simon R. Poulson ◽  
Daniel Obrist ◽  
Samira Sumaila ◽  
James J. Dynes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Aliphatic Carbon ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Abstract. Iron oxide minerals play an important role in stabilizing organic carbon (OC) and regulating the biogeochemical cycles of OC on the earth surface. To predict the fate of OC, it is essential to understand the amount, spatial variability, and characteristics of Fe-bound OC in natural soils. In this study, we investigated the concentrations and characteristics of Fe-bound OC in soils collected from 14 forests in the United States and determined the impact of ecogeographical variables and soil physicochemical properties on the association of OC and Fe minerals. On average, Fe-bound OC contributed 37.8 % of total OC (TOC) in forest soils. Atomic ratios of OC : Fe ranged from 0.56 to 17.7, with values of 1–10 for most samples, and the ratios indicate the importance of both sorptive and incorporative interactions. The fraction of Fe-bound OC in TOC (fFe-OC) was not related to the concentration of reactive Fe, which suggests that the importance of association with Fe in OC accumulation was not governed by the concentration of reactive Fe. Concentrations of Fe-bound OC and fFe-OC increased with latitude and reached peak values at a site with a mean annual temperature of 6.6 °C. Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analyses revealed that Fe-bound OC was less aliphatic than non-Fe-bound OC. Fe-bound OC also was more enriched in 13C compared to the non-Fe-bound OC, but C ∕ N ratios did not differ substantially. In summary, 13C-enriched OC with less aliphatic carbon and more carboxylic carbon was associated with Fe minerals in the soils, with values of fFe-OC being controlled by both sorptive and incorporative associations between Fe and OC. Overall, this study demonstrates that Fe oxides play an important role in regulating the biogeochemical cycles of C in forest soils and uncovers the governing factors for the spatial variability and characteristics of Fe-bound OC.

scholarly journals Bordered Trajectories: The Impact of Institutional Bordering Practices on Young Refugees’ (Re-)Engagement with Post-15 Education in Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
Lucy Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Refugee Youth ◽  
Educational Decision ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Educational Decision Making ◽  
State Responses

Greece has been a site of various crises in recent years: firstly, the financial crash of 2008; secondly, the ongoing ‘refugee crisis’, which peaked in 2015; and thirdly, the current COVID-19 pandemic. This paper addresses the first of these crises, and particularly how state responses to increased migration flows shape young refugees’ (aged 15–25) (re-)engagement with post-15 learning opportunities upon arrival in the country. It is based on semi-structured interviews with young refugees living in Thessaloniki, conducted as part of an ethnographic doctoral project on educational decision-making. The findings reveal that three key institutional bordering practices in Greece—namely the bordering of space (via encampment), time (via enforced waiting), and public services (via administrative barriers)—played central roles in young refugees’ (re-)engagement with post-15 education; often causing their dreams to be diverted or downgraded. However, with determination and the support of willing gatekeepers, refugee youth found ways to (re)construct adapted learning trajectories despite, and in response to, these arrival challenges.

scholarly journals Assembly: Performing the materiality of Muslim prayer spaces

Scene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Specific Research ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact

This article reflects on the significance and impact of Assembly, a site-specific research project made and exhibited in Birmingham Central Mosque, Brick Lane Mosque and Old Kent Road Mosque from 2016 to 2020. Assembly provided an opportunity for Muslims and non-Muslims to experience Jumu’ah prayer first-hand via the site performances, which temporarily dissolved the religious/social boundaries of each mosque. Each performance highlighted the differences and relations between each site, furthering ideas of performativity in Muslim prayer spaces. This article summarizes the impact reported by each mosque community as well as reflecting upon the relationships built within the wider community.

scholarly journals Iron-Bound Organic Carbon in Forest Soils: Quantification and Characterization

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zhao ◽  
Simon R. Poulson ◽  
Daniel Obrist ◽  
Samira Sumaila ◽  
James J. Dynes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Aliphatic Carbon ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Abstract. Iron oxide minerals play an important role in stabilizing organic carbon (OC) and regulating the biogeochemical cycles of OC on the earth surface. To predict the fate of OC, it is essential to completely understand the amount, spatial variability and characteristics of Fe-bound OC in natural soils. In this study, we investigated the concentrations and characteristics of Fe-bound OC in soils collected from 14 forests in the United States, and determined the impact of ecogeographical variables and soil physicochemical properties o n the association of OC and Fe minerals. We found that Fe-bound OC contributed up to 57.8 % of total OC (TOC) in forest soils. Atomic ratios of OC:Fe ranged from 0.56 to 17.7 with values of 1–10 for most samples, and these ratios indicate an importance of both sorptive and incorporativ e interactions. The fraction of Fe-bound OC in TOC (fFe-OC) was not related to the concentration of reactive Fe, which suggests that the importance of association with Fe in OC accumulation was not governed by the concentration of reactive Fe. Concentrations of Fe-bound OC and fFe-OC increased with the latitude and reached peak values at a site with a mean annual temperature of 6.6 °C Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analyses revealed that Fe-bound OC was less aliphatic than non-Fe-bound OC. Fe-bound OC also was more enriched in 13C compared to the non-Fe-bound OC, but C/N ratios did not differ substantially. In summary, 13C-enriched OC with less aliphatic carbon and more carboxylic carbon was associated with Fe minerals in the soils, with values of fFe-OC being controlled by both sorptive and incorporative associations between Fe and OC. Overall, this study demonstrates that Fe oxides play an important role in regulating the biogeochemical cycles of C in forest soils, and uncovers the governing factors for the spa tial variability and characteristics of Fe-bound OC.

scholarly journals The impact of anion ordering on octahedra distortion and phase transitions in SrTaO2N and BaTaO2N

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Hai Wang ◽  
Brendan J. Kennedy ◽  
André L. Menezes de Oliveira ◽  
Julia Polt ◽  
Kevin Steven Knight
Keyword(s):  
Solid State Reaction Method ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Site Preference ◽  
Structural Distortions ◽  
Distortion Analysis ◽  
Oxygen Anions ◽  
Four Square ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Ideal

In this work we synthesized BaTaO2N and SrTaO2N using a two-step high-temperature solid-state reaction method and analysed the structural distortions, relative to the ideal cubic perovskite structure, according to group theory. From a complete distortion analysis/refinement using high-resolution neutron diffraction data in the temperature range 8 to 613 K, we identified tetragonal structures for BaTaO2N [P4/mmm(No. 123)] and SrTaO2N [I4/mcm(No. 140)]. In contrast to an anion-disordered cubic perovskite (Pm \overline{3}m No. 221) with Ta at the cell center, both systems show a site preference for oxygen anions in the two opposite corners (along thecaxis) of the Ta–O/N octahedra rather than the four square corners in theabplane (Γ3+occupancy distortion), which induces a tetragonal elongation of the unit cell with thecaxis being longer than theaaxis. A further Ta–O/N octahedra displacement [R5−(a,0,0), rotation about thecaxis] distortion was observed in SrTaO2N. This distortion mode is accompanied by an increased unit-cell distortion that decreases as the temperature increases. Ultimately a second-order phase transition caused by the loss of theR5−(a,0,0) mode was observed at 400–450 K.

Bodies in Play: Maternity, Repertory, and the RivalRomeo and Juliets, 1748–51

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-236
Author(s):  
Chelsea Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
And Performance ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact

In her recent book on celebrity pregnancy, legal scholar Renée Ann Cramer writes, “in the years from 1970 to 2000, popular culture became more open to performances of pregnancy; once kept secret and articulated as private, pregnancy became ‘public.’” This is not wholly true. In the English-speaking world, “celebrity pregnancy,” with its overt performances of femininity and maternity, bodily monitoring, and careful dance between the concealment and revelation of private information, had its first public moment in the long eighteenth century. That century's professional theatre was a site for the intersection of two forms of women's labor: the maternal labor of pregnancy and birth, which affected women of all classes throughout a century with rapidly rising birth rates, and the theatrical labor of professional actresses. Although the latter has been the subject of much-needed study in recent decades, the impact of maternal labor on the professional theatre of the time is only beginning to be explored. Between 1700 and 1800, birth rates for middle- and upper-class British woman rose significantly. Among the aristocracy, rates doubled from four to eight children, and middle-class women averaged seven births by the end of the century. At the same time, women in the professional theatre were inventing and modeling new forms of public womanhood, capitalizing on a burgeoning culture of female celebrity, and, in some cases, wielding exceptional economic and artistic power. Though not all actresses had children, many did, and at rates that were not unlike those of their nontheatrical counterparts. For these women, the successful balancing of maternal and theatrical labor could be vital to their careers and, in many cases, their family's survival. The need to balance personal and professional demands was all the more imperative within the hectic and extremely competitive repertory system. The day-to-day repertory of a London company was of necessity a malleable thing, accommodating short runs of popular pieces, audience requests, illnesses and absences of company members, and the perpetual state of competition between the patent houses of Covent Garden and Drury Lane. To compete profitably, managers needed competent and popular performers (bodies) and performance vehicles (texts) in which to feature them. As the available bodies changed, then, so too did the available plays for performance.

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