scholarly journals Effect of Polyethylene Glycol Treatment on Acetic Acid Emissions from Wood

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1629
Author(s):  
Sarah Hunt ◽  
Josep Grau-Bove ◽  
Eleanor Schofield ◽  
Simon Gaisford
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Carbon Disulphide ◽  
Solid Phase Micro Extraction ◽  
Accelerated Corrosion ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Peg Treatment ◽  
Museum Display

Acetic acid is known to be emitted from sound wood and can accelerate damage to heritage materials, particularly metals. However, few studies have investigated the extent of acetic acid emissions from archaeological wood. This research utilised Solid-Phase-Micro-Extraction (SPME) GC–MS and lead coupon corrosion to identify volatile emissions from polyethylene glycol (PEG)-treated archaeological wood from the Mary Rose collection and assess if they could cause accelerated damage. In addition, the effect of PEG treatment on acetic acid emissions was investigated using sound wood samples. For sound wood, the PEG treatment acted as a barrier to acetic acid emissions, with higher-molecular-weight PEGs preventing more emissions. Archaeological wood, despite its age and high-molecular-weight PEG treatment, still emitted detectable concentrations of acetic acid. Moreover, they emitted a wider array of compounds compared to sound wood, including carbon disulphide. Like sound wood, when the archaeological wood samples were in a sealed environment with lead coupons, they caused accelerated corrosion to lead. This evidences that archaeological wood can emit high enough concentrations of volatile compounds to cause damage and further investigation should be performed to evaluate if this can occur inside museum display cases.

THE FUSION OF ERYTHROCYTES BY TREATMENT WITH PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES AND POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
James X. Hartmann ◽  
J. D. Galla ◽  
D. A. Emma ◽  
K. N. Kao ◽  
O. L. Gamborg
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Fusion Process ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Multinucleated Cells ◽  
Peg Treatment ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
High Degree

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been utilized to induce homokaryocyte formation in avian and mammalian erythrocytes previously treated with proteolytic enzymes. PEG of molecular weight 6,000–7,500 was found superior to 1,500 and 20,000 MW PEG. Cells exposed to protease alone, prior to PEG treatment, fused to a high degree (60–95% multinucleated cells), whereas trypsin or pepsin treatment alone allowed very little fusion (2.5%). Trypsin lowered the effectiveness of protease when used in combination. Cells which were not treated with proteolytic enzymes agglutinated in the presence of PEG but did not fuse to a significant extent (0.01%). Fusion was also markedly dependent upon the rate at which PEG was eluted during the fusion process. Electron microscopy indicated that fusion began during the elution of PEG from the agglutinated cells.

A Simple Method to Prepare Affinity Resins on Cellulose Basis

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1048-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Eisele ◽  
Fernando Dias Costa ◽  
Carlos Pascual ◽  
Beatus Ofenloch-Hähnle
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glacial Acetic Acid ◽  
Androgen Receptors ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Simple Method

Abstract Affinity resins with different spacer arms were synthesized analogues to the solid phase peptide synthesis using aminoethyl cellulose or carboxymethyl cellulose as matrix. The spacer arms could be varied in length and rigidity. Especially spacer arms consisting of poly am ino acids can be synthesized with a defined amount of amino acid residues specifically in the low molecular weight ranges. The method is also applicable to other matrices w hich are not susceptible to 1 ɴ HCl in glacial acetic acid, trethylamine, methylene chloride and dimethylformamide. The synthesis of affinity resins with different spacer arms for the purification of androgen receptors is described as an example of the method.

Formic and acetic acids in archaeological wood. A comparison between the Vasa Warship, the Bremen Cog, the Oberländer Boat and the Danish Viking Ships

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Glastrup ◽  
Yvonne Shashoua ◽  
Helge Egsgaard ◽  
Martin Nordvig Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Acetic Acid Content ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Acetic Acids

Abstract A method has been developed to analyse and quantify formic and acetic acids in archaeological and fresh wood. The method takes advantage of the fact that, in equilibrium, the gas-phase concentrations of formic and acetic acids over pulverised archaeological wood in a sulfuric acid solution are proportional to their absolute concentrations in wood. The method is based on automated solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Good linearity of the calibration curves was observed. The content of formic and acetic acids in archaeological wood from ships conserved with polyethylene glycol (PEG) was determined. The content of formic acid is related to the intensity of conservation and, hence, the PEG content in wood. Accordingly, formic acid found in the hull of the ships may partly be a result of PEG degradation. The formic acid content in the Vasa warship is, on average, not higher than in the other ships analysed. In contrast, the acetic acid content in PEG-preserved archaeological wood is lower than in fresh wood. The acetic acid content is age-dependent and is lowest in 1000-year-old wood. The acetic acid probably originates from the wood.

Tuning the flexibility and thermal storage capacity of solid–solid phase change materials towards wearable applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (38) ◽  
pp. 20133-20140
Author(s):  
Jinming Shi ◽  
Waseem Aftab ◽  
Zibin Liang ◽  
Kunjie Yuan ◽  
Muhammad Maqbool ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Thermal Storage

By tuning the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol segment, the thermal storage capacity and flexibility of polyurethane-based phase change materials (PCMs) are engineered towards wearable applications.

Europium and cerium extraction by the nitrobenzene solution of dicarbolide in the presence of polyethylene glycols

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Makrlík ◽  
Petr Vaňura
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Polyethylene Glycols ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Nitrobenzene Solution ◽  
Separation Factors ◽  
Equilibrium Data

Extraction of Eu3+ and Ce3+ microamounts from 0.1-0.4M perchloric acid by the nitrobenzene solution of dicarbolide H+[Co(C2B9H11)2]- in the presence of polyethylene glycols (Mr = 200, 300, 400) has been studied. The equilibrium data and the typical maxima on the dependence of the metal distribution ratio on the total analytical concentration of polyethylene glycol in the system can be explained assuming that the species ML3+org, ML3+2org, ML3+3org, MLH2+-1org, and HL+org (where M3+ = Eu3+, Ce3+; L = polyethylene glycol) are extracted into the organic phase. The values of extraction and equilibrium constants in the organic phase were determined and the effect of the polyethylene glycol molecular weight on the equilibrium constants and on the abundances of individual species in the organic phase is discussed. It has been found that the addition of polyethylene glycol to the acid - nitrobezene - dicarbolide system increases the values of the separation factors αCe/Eu.

scholarly journals ‘Tanned’ gelatin spheres and granules for exclusion chromatography

1968 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Polson ◽  
W. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
High Flow ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Protein Molecules ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography

1. The preparation of tanned gelatin spheres and granules from high-molecular-weight gelatin is described. This material is comparatively hard, giving high flow rates, is insoluble in water at temperatures between 0° and 100° and is resistant to digestion by trypsin and chymotrypsin. The high-molecular-weight fraction of gelatin was prepared by precipitation with polyethylene glycol, and the spheres and granules prepared from this fraction were hardened and insolubilized by tanning with either formalin or chromium salts or both. 2. The spheres and granules were used successfully for the separation of protein molecules and other protein-aceous materials ranging in molecular weight from 200 to greater than 6000000. This gel exclusion material has several properties superior to those of other products used for similar purposes. Further, it was noticed that the porosity of the spheres differed considerably from that of the granules.

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