scholarly journals ATR-FTIR Study of Alaska Yellow Cedar Extractives and Relationship with Their Natural Durability

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1692
Author(s):  
Shahlinney Lipeh ◽  
Laurence Schimleck ◽  
Mark E. Mankowski ◽  
Armando G. McDonald ◽  
Jeffrey J. Morrell
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Reticulitermes Flavipes ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Forest Regrowth ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Termite Attack

New approaches for assessing wood durability are needed to help categorize decay resistance as timber utilization shifts towards plantations or native forest regrowth that may be less durable than original native forest resources. This study evaluated attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis (PCA) for distinguishing between groups of Alaska yellow cedar (Cupressus nootkatensis) wood for susceptibility to two decay fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum and Rhodonia placenta) and the eastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes flavipes). Alaska yellow cedar durability varied with test organisms, but the majority of samples were highly resistant to fungal and termite attack. Weight losses and extractives yield using sequential extractions (toluene:ethanol > ethanol > hot water) showed moderate to weak relationships. PCA analysis revealed limited ability to distinguish amongst levels of wood durability to all tested organisms. The absence of non-resistant samples may have influenced the ability of the chemometric methods to accurately categorize durability.

scholarly journals Resistance of thermally modified and pressurized hot water extracted Scots pine sapwood against decay by the brown-rot fungus Rhodonia placenta

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Altgen ◽  
Suvi Kyyrö ◽  
Olli Paajanen ◽  
Lauri Rautkari
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Effective Reduction ◽  
Cell Wall Porosity

AbstractThe thermal degradation of wood is affected by a number of process parameters, which may also cause variations in the resistance against decay fungi. This study compares changes in the chemical composition, water-related properties and decay resistance of Scots pine sapwood that was either thermally modified (TM) in dry state at elevated temperatures (≥ 185 °C) or treated in pressurized hot water at mild temperatures (≤ 170 °C). The thermal decomposition of easily degradable hemicelluloses reduced the mass loss caused by Rhodonia placenta, and it was suggested that the cumulative mass loss is a better indicator of an actual decay inhibition. Pressurized hot water extraction (HWE) did not improve the decay resistance to the same extent as TM, which was assigned to differences in the wood-water interactions. Cross-linking reactions during TM caused a swelling restraint and an effective reduction in moisture content. This decreased the water-swollen cell wall porosity, which presumably hindered the transport of degradation agents through the cell wall and/or reduced the accessibility of wood constituents for degradation agents. This effect was absent in hot water-extracted wood and strong decay occurred even when most hemicelluloses were already removed during HWE.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF EXTRACTIVES AND CARBONIZATION TEMPERATURE ON ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD WASTE IN AMAZON RAINFOREST

CERNE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordão Cabral Moulin ◽  
João Rodrigo Coimbra Nobre ◽  
Jonnys Paz Castro ◽  
Paulo Fernando Trugilho ◽  
Marina Donária Chaves Arantes
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Wood Waste ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Energy Characteristics ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
High Heating ◽  
A Company

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of extractives soluble in hot water, besides final carbonization temperatures, on the gravimetric yield and properties of charcoal for waste of three native forest species from the Amazon region. Waste cuttings of Ipé, Grapia and Maçaranduba species, from the machine processing for joinery of a company in the State of Pará, were used. Carbonization was carried out in an adapted electric furnace with a heating rate of 1.67°C min-1 and final temperatures of 500, 600 and 700°C. The waste was carbonized fresh after extraction in hot water to remove extractives. Gravimetric yields were analyzed, as well as chemical features and high heating value. In the evaluation of the experiment, arranged in a factorial scheme with three factors (species x temperature x material with and without extraction), and Principal Component Analysis used too. The presence of extractives (soluble in hot water) from wood waste had little influence on the gravimetric yield and immediate chemical composition of charcoal; however, it showed a greater high heating value and lower contents of hydrogen and nitrogen. The increase in the final carbonization temperature reduced the gravimetric yield in charcoal, the content of volatile materials and hydrogen, with a higher content of fixed carbon, carbon and high heating value. The treatments with the best energy characteristics were obtained from Ipé and Maçaranduba charcoals with extractives produced at 600°C, in addition to Ipê and Maçaranduba charcoals with and without extractives obtained at 700°C.

Growth behavior of wood-destroying fungi in chemically modified wood: wood degradation and translocation of nitrogen compounds

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Emmerich ◽  
Maja Bleckmann ◽  
Sarah Strohbusch ◽  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Susanne Bollmus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Action ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Decay Tests ◽  
Modified Wood

Abstract Chemical wood modification has been used to modify wood and improve its decay resistance. However, the mode of protective action is still not fully understood. Occasionally, outdoor products made from chemically modified timber (CMT) show internal decay while their outer shell remains intact. Hence, it was hypothesized that wood decay fungi may grow through CMT without losing their capability to degrade non-modified wood. This study aimed at developing a laboratory test set-up to investigate (1) whether decay fungi grow through CMT and (2) retain their ability to degrade non-modified wood. Acetylated and 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) treated wood were used in decay tests with modified ‘mantle specimens’ and untreated ‘core dowels’. It became evident that white rot (Trametes versicolor), brown rot (Coniophora puteana) and soft rot fungi can grow through CMT without losing their ability to degrade untreated wood. Consequently, full volume impregnation of wood with the modifying agent is required to achieve complete protection of wooden products. In decay tests with DMDHEU treated specimens, significant amounts of apparently non-fixated DMDHEU were translocated from modified mantle specimens to untreated wood cores. A diffusion-driven transport of nitrogen and DMDHEU seemed to be responsible for mass translocation during decay testing.

Quaternary Ammonium Arylspiroborate Esters as Organo-Soluble, Environmentally Benign Wood Protectants

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny M. Carr ◽  
Peter J. Duggan ◽  
David G. Humphrey ◽  
James A. Platts ◽  
Edward M. Tyndall
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
11B Nmr ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Anti Fungal

As part of a larger project aimed at the development of leach resistant boron-based wood preservatives, the anti-fungal and termiticidal activities, and the resistance to leaching from timber, of three related tetra-n-butylammonium spiroborates, tetra-n-butylammonium bis(ortho-hydroxymethylphenolato)borate 2, tetra-n-butylammonium bis[catecholato(2–)-O,O′]borate 3, and tetra-n-butylammonium bis[salicylato(2−)-O,O']borate 4, have been examined. All three borates are found to be active against test organisms, with the following orders of activity being observed: 2 > 3 > 4 > boric acid against wood decay fungi, and 2 > 3 ≈ 4 > boric acid against termites. The most active compound in both assays 2 also has the highest calculated lipophilicity. In a test for permanence in wood, the following order of leach resistance is observed: 4 >> 3 ≈ 2 > boric acid. This order appears to correlate more closely with the stability constants of the borate esters, as determined using 11B NMR spectroscopy, rather than calculated lipophilicities.

scholarly journals Mode of action of brown rot decay resistance in modified wood: a review

Holzforschung ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecka Ringman ◽  
Annica Pilgård ◽  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Klaus Richter
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot Decay ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Modified Wood

Abstract Chemically or physically modified wood materials have enhanced resistance to wood decay fungi. In contrast to treatments with traditional wood preservatives, where the resistance is caused mainly by the toxicity of the chemicals added, little is known about the mode of action of nontoxic wood modification methods. This study reviews established theories related to resistance in acetylated, furfurylated, dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea-treated, and thermally modified wood. The main conclusion is that only one theory provides a consistent explanation for the initial inhibition of brown rot degradation in modified wood, that is, moisture exclusion via the reduction of cell wall voids. Other proposed mechanisms, such as enzyme nonrecognition, micropore blocking, and reducing the number of free hydroxyl groups, may reduce the degradation rate when cell wall water uptake is no longer impeded.

Termite-resistant heartwood. Effect of antioxidants on termite feeding deterrence and mortality

Holzforschung ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan S. Little ◽  
Tor P. Schultz ◽  
Darrel D. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Reticulitermes Flavipes ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Feeding Deterrence ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

Abstract Biocides currently employed to prevent termite damage face environmental and toxicity concerns. We recently proposed that heartwood which is naturally resistant to termites might be due to the extractives having both toxicity and antioxidant properties and we reported that the artificial and benign antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) had termite feeding deterrence and toxicity properties. Here, we investigate other antioxidants, both natural and synthetic, and analogs which lack antioxidant properties, on Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar. Laboratory no-choice tests according to AWPA Standard E1 were performed. Antioxidants that are benign to humans had feeding deterrence and mortality properties to R. flavipes. Conversely, the non-antioxidant analogs, with the exception of the heterocyclic flavanone which was previously shown to be active against decay fungi, had little effect on R. flavipes. We conclude that R. flavipes avoids wood which contain high levels of antioxidants, such as heartwood with phenolic extractives.

Decay susceptibility of Amazon wood species from Brazil against white rot and brown rot decay fungi 10th EWLP, Stockholm, Sweden, August 25–28, 2008

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Silveira Carneiro ◽  
Luciano Emmert ◽  
Gerson H. Sternadt ◽  
Julio César Mendes ◽  
Getúlio F. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽  
Hymenaea Courbaril ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Resistant Species

Abstract A total of 28 tropical Amazon woods – many of them rarely used – from Tapajós National Forest, Pará state, Brazil, were tested for their natural resistance against the decay fungi: Ganoderma applanatum, Trametes versicolor, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Meruliporia incrassata, and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The wood resistance classification was made according to the ASTM D 2017-81 method. High variability on susceptibility to wood decay fungi was found. Their mean weight losses varied from 0.6% to 45.6%. Highly resistant species include: Astronium gracile, Bagassa guianensis, Caryocar villosum, Claricia racemosa, Diplotropis purpurea, Dipteryx odorata, Hymenaea courbaril, Manilkara huberi, Mezilaurus itauba, Sextonia rubra, Tabebuia incana, and Vatairea paraensis. The following wood species are less durable: Brosimum parinarioides, Jacaranda copaia, Laetia procera, Pouteria pachycarpa, Virola caducifolia, and Trattinnickia rhoifolia. Meruliporia incrassata caused extensive weight losses in most of the investigated Amazon wood species.

scholarly journals Effect of exterior wood coatings on the durability of cross-laminated timber against mold and decay fungi

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 8420-8433
Author(s):  
Gabrielly S. Bobadilha ◽  
C. Elizabeth Stokes ◽  
Grant Kirker ◽  
Sheikh Ali Ahmed ◽  
Katie M. Ohno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Cross Laminated Timber ◽  
Dimensional Changes ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Rhizopus Sp

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is increasingly used in building construction worldwide. Durability of CLT against fungal attack has yet to be fully explored. Water intrusion in mass timber can yield dimensional changes and microbial growth. This study evaluated the performance of CLT coated with various water- and solvent-based stains commercially available in the United States. Twelve coatings were tested for moisture excluding effectiveness, water repellency effectiveness, volumetric swelling, and anti-swelling efficiency. Only five coatings repelled water, limiting dimensional changes. A modified version of AWPA E10-16 (2016) was performed to evaluate decay of the coated CLT samples. Weight losses were recorded after 18 weeks’ exposure to the brown-rot decay fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. In accelerated mold testing, coated CLT samples were grown in chambers containing spores of Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., and Penicillium sp. for 29 d and assessed visually for mold growth. In both tests, coating C (transparent, water-based, alkyd/acrylic resin) performed the best among the tested coatings. Mold growth was completely prevented, and weight loss caused by G. trabeum was approximately 1.33%. Although coating C prevented decay for 18 weeks, coatings are not intended to protect against decay fungi. However, they may offer short-term protection during transport, storage, and construction.

scholarly journals Relative In Vitro Wood Decay Resistance of Sapwood from Landscape Trees of Southern Temperate Regions

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Baietto ◽  
A. Dan Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Landscape Trees

The development of wood decay caused by 12 major root-rot and trunk-rot fungi was investigated in vitro with sapwood extracted from nine ornamental and landscape hardwood and conifer species native to southern temperate regions of North America, Europe, and the lower Mississippi Delta. Wood decay rates based on dry weight loss for 108 host tree–wood decay fungi combinations were compared at 21 °C over 1-year and 2-year incubation periods in the absence of tree-resistance mechanisms. Strains of Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma lucidum, and Heterobasidion annosum exhibited the highest decay potential in most tree species tested. The order of fungi causing the greatest decay varied over time as a result of temporal changes in decay-rate curves. Relative wood durability or resistance to decay generally was greater in gymnosperm than in angiosperm wood types. Quercus nuttallii, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Quercus lyrata sustained the highest levels of decay by all fungi. Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) sapwood was most resistant to decay by all rot-fungi tested, sustaining only limited weight loss after 1 and 2 years of decay, although sapwood of Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Platanus occidentalis had relatively low levels of decay after 2 years. These results in combination with data from portable decay-detection devices provide useful information for the management of tree breakages or failures resulting from wood decay fungi in hazardous landscape trees. Some potential landscaping applications for tree evaluations, risk assessments, and selections for tree-replacement plantings are discussed.

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