scholarly journals The Investigation of Mycotoxins and Enterobacteriaceae of Cereal-Based Baby Foods Marketed in Turkey

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3040
Author(s):  
Buket Er Er Demirhan ◽  
Burak Demirhan
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Baby Foods ◽  
Mesophilic Bacteria ◽  
Classical Culture

In this study, a total of 85 cereal-based baby foods with or without milk (four different brands; A, B, C, and D) collected from Ankara local markets, Turkey were analyzed for mycotoxins, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), and Enterobacteriaceae contamination. Baby foods were analyzed for 12 toxicological important mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2; fumonisin B1 and B2; ochratoxin A; sterigmatocystin (STE); deoxynivalenol (DON); zearalenone (ZON); and T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin by LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. In addition to these mycotoxins, the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was investigated in baby foods containing milk. The classical culture method was used for microbiological analysis. Consequently, at least one mycotoxin was detected in 69.41% of the total samples. The most frequently detected mycotoxins were STE (34.12%) and HT-2 (34.12%). However, AFM1 was not detected in any of the baby foods containing milk. Also, TAMB and Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 30.59% and 10.59% of samples, respectively. As a result, it was determined that the mycotoxin levels in the analyzed samples were in accordance with the mycotoxin levels specified in the Turkish Food Codex.

Immunoassays for Analysis of Mycotoxins

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 562-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
FUN SUN CHU
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Protein Conjugates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past

During the past few years, several laboratories have prepared specific antibodies against aflatoxins B1, M1, B2a and Q1, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone. These antibodies were obtained from rabbits after immunizing with various mycotoxin-protein conjugates. With the availability of these antibodies, specific, simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures for monitoring mycotoxins and their metabolites in foods, feeds and body fluids have been developed. In this review, details are presented for the preparation of antibodies and the application of RIA and ELISA to determine aflatoxins B1 and M1, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin in corn, peanuts, milk and other biological fluids. The sensitivity of ELISA for analysis of these mycotoxins in foods varied from 0.1 μg/L for aflatoxin M1 in milk to 5 μg/kg of aflatoxin B1 in peanuts. The advantages and disadvantages of ELISA for monitoring mycotoxins in foods and feeds are discussed. In addition, a description of recent progress on simplified clean-up procedures which may increase the sensitivity of immunoassays is presented.

scholarly journals Antibody Microarray Immunoassay for Simultaneous Quantification of Multiple Mycotoxins in Corn Samples

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Zhang ◽  
Zuohuan Wang ◽  
Yun Fang ◽  
Renjie Sun ◽  
Tong Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Antibody Microarray ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Microarray Immunoassay

We developed and tested a prototype of an antibody microarray immunoassay for simultaneous quantitative detection of four typical mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and fumonisin B1) in corn samples. The test kit consisted of a nitrocellulose membrane layered with immobilized monoclonal antibodies against mycotoxins. During the assay, the mycotoxin-protein conjugates were biotinylated. The signal detection was enhanced by a combination of the biotin-streptavidin system and enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL). This improved the sensitivity of the assay. Under the optimized conditions, four calibration curves with goodness of fit (R2 > 0.98) were plotted. The results showed that the detection limits for aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and fumonisin B1 were 0.21, 0.19, 0.09, and 0.24 ng/mL, with detection ranges of 0.47–55.69, 0.48–127.11, 0.22–31.36, and 0.56–92.57 ng/mL, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of this antibody microarray for aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and fumonisin B1 in corn was 5.25, 4.75, 2.25, and 6 μg/kg, respectively. The recovery rates from the spiked samples were between 79.2% and 113.4%, with coefficient of variation <10%. The results of the analysis of commercial samples for mycotoxins using this new assay and the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were comparable and in good agreement. This assay could also be modified for the simultaneous detection of other multiple mycotoxins, as well as low-weight analytes, hazardous to human health.

Dietary exposure and health risk characterization of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, and zearalenone in food from different provinces in Northern Vietnam

Food Control ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 107108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuan Huu Do ◽  
Son Cao Tran ◽  
Chi Dinh Le ◽  
Ha-Binh Thi Nguyen ◽  
Phuong-Thao Thi Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Risk Characterization ◽  
Northern Vietnam

scholarly journals Co-occurrence of aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in cereals and peanuts from Côte d’Ivoire

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1000-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Béatrice Sangare-Tigori ◽  
Serge Moukha ◽  
H. James Kouadio ◽  
Anne-Marie Betbeder ◽  
Djédjé Sébastien Dano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire

scholarly journals Risk of exposure to aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and fumonisin B1 from spices used routinely in Lebanese cooking

2021 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 111895
Author(s):  
Manar Al Ayoubi ◽  
Michele Solfrizzo ◽  
Lucia Gambacorta ◽  
Ian Watson ◽  
Nada El Darra
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Risk Of Exposure

scholarly journals Fluorescence Enhancement on Silver-Plated Plasma Micro-Nanostructured 3D Polymeric Microarray Substrates for Multiplex Mycotoxin Detection

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Georgios Koukouvinos ◽  
Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou ◽  
Anastasia Kanioura ◽  
Katerina Tsougeni ◽  
Evangelia Livaniou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Fluorescence Intensity ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Oxygen Plasma ◽  
Fluorescence Enhancement ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Silver Deposition ◽  
Standard Glass ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation

Oxygen plasma micro-nanostructured poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) slides were modified through silver microparticle deposition to create microarray substrates that enhance the emitted fluorescence intensity. Silver deposition relied on a commercially available reagent and was completed in two 30-min incubation cycles of the substrate with the reagent. The fluorescence enhancement achieved using these substrates over flat PMMA slides was determined through the development of a microarray for the multiplexed detection of four mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, and deoxynivalenol. It was shown that the implementation of silver-plated oxygen plasma micro-nanotextured PMMA substrates increased the signals obtained for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A by approximately 2.8 times, 5.6 times for deoxynivalenol, and 16-times for fumonisin B1, compared to flat PMMA substrates. Most notably, this signal increase was not accompanied by a significant increase in the non-specific signal. In addition, the spot repeatability both across a single slide as well as between different slides was high, with coefficients of variation lower than 12%. The slides were also stable for at least three months, thus offering a microarray substrate with improved properties compared to standard glass slides, regarding both the absolute spot fluorescence intensity and between spots repeatability.

Comparison of single and multi-analyte methods based on LC-MS/MS for mycotoxin biomarker determination in human urine

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Solfrizzo ◽  
L. Gambacorta ◽  
B. Warth ◽  
K. White ◽  
C. Srey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Good Method ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Calibration Solution

The performances of four LC-MS/MS methodologies for determination of up to eight mycotoxin biomarkers in human urines were compared by involving three laboratories that analysed common urine samples spiked at two levels of each biomarker. Each laboratory received a calibration solution, spiked urines and the corresponding unspiked urine. The two spiking levels for each biomarker were chosen by considering the levels naturally occurring in human urines and the limits of quantification of the LC-MS/MS methodologies used by the participating laboratories. The results of each laboratory were evaluated for their z-score values. The percentage of satisfactory z-scores (| z | < 2) were: 100% for deoxynivalenol, de-epoxy deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin M1, β-zearalenol and zearalenone, 87% for α-zearalenol, 50% for ochratoxin A and 42% for fumonisin B1. Good method performances were obtained for most biomarkers at the levels tested in this study, as demonstrated by the overall percentage of satisfactory z-scores for all analytes (87%). Unsatisfactory/questionable z-scores (| z | ≯2) were obtained for fumonisin B1 (7/12 results), ochratoxin A (4/8 results) and ?-zearalenol (1/8 results). The percentage of satisfactory z-scores for fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A increased from 42 to 83% for fumonisin B1 and from 50 to 62% for ochratoxin A when laboratories 1 and 2 used own calibrants. Factors that could explain the different results obtained for fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A with provided and own calibration solutions could not be identified in this study and should be carefully investigated in future studies.

scholarly journals Testing the extraction of 12 mycotoxins from aqueous solutions by insoluble beta-cyclodextrin bead polymer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violetta Mohos ◽  
Zelma Faisal ◽  
Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl ◽  
Lajos Szente ◽  
Miklós Poór
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Beta Cyclodextrin ◽  
Toxic Metabolites

AbstractMycotoxins are toxic metabolites of filamentous fungi; they are common contaminants in numerous foods and beverages. Cyclodextrins are ring-shaped oligosaccharides, which can form host-guest type complexes with certain mycotoxins. Insoluble beta-cyclodextrin bead polymer (BBP) extracted successfully some mycotoxins (e.g., alternariol and zearalenone) from aqueous solutions, including beverages. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to examine the ability of BBP to remove other 12 mycotoxins (including aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, citrinin, dihydrocitrinone, cyclopiazonic acid, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, zearalanone, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol) from different buffers (pH 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0). Our results showed that BBP can effectively extract citrinin, dihydrocitrinone, sterigmatocystin, zearalanone, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol at each pH tested. However, for the removal of ochratoxin A, BBP was far the most effective at pH 3.0. Based on these observations, BBP may be a suitable mycotoxin binder to extract certain mycotoxins from aqueous solutions for decontamination and/or for analytical purposes.

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