Immunoassays for Analysis of Mycotoxins

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 562-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
FUN SUN CHU
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Protein Conjugates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past

During the past few years, several laboratories have prepared specific antibodies against aflatoxins B1, M1, B2a and Q1, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone. These antibodies were obtained from rabbits after immunizing with various mycotoxin-protein conjugates. With the availability of these antibodies, specific, simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures for monitoring mycotoxins and their metabolites in foods, feeds and body fluids have been developed. In this review, details are presented for the preparation of antibodies and the application of RIA and ELISA to determine aflatoxins B1 and M1, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin in corn, peanuts, milk and other biological fluids. The sensitivity of ELISA for analysis of these mycotoxins in foods varied from 0.1 μg/L for aflatoxin M1 in milk to 5 μg/kg of aflatoxin B1 in peanuts. The advantages and disadvantages of ELISA for monitoring mycotoxins in foods and feeds are discussed. In addition, a description of recent progress on simplified clean-up procedures which may increase the sensitivity of immunoassays is presented.

Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 in Food Matrices by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxiao Jiang ◽  
Zhanhui Wang ◽  
Greta Nölke ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Lanlan Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Food Matrices

scholarly journals Established and Future Promising Fertility Preservation Options in Adolescence and Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hossein Yazdekhasti ◽  
Zahra Rajabi
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Fertility Preservation ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Cancer Prognosis ◽  
Oocyte Cryopreservation ◽  
Embryo Cryopreservation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tissue Cryopreservation ◽  
Cancer Diseases

Over the past decades, due to a high number of cancer survivors, the demands for fertility preservation have been raised dramatically, and this might come from recent progress in the cancer prognosis and diagnosis procedures. For those who are involved in cancer diseases, there are multiple options regarding their fertility preservation which can be selected based on patient’s age, the risk of gonadal involvement, the time available and the type of cancer with different advantages and disadvantages. Among all possible options, embryo cryopreservation for females and semen freezing for males are the most applicable method, however other options such as gonadal tissue cryopreservation, and oocyte cryopreservation are other promising options which would be considered if the partner was not available. As conclusion, this is noteworthy that women with cancer must benefit from adequate consultations regarding their possible fertility preservation options and immediate correct consultations definitely can help families to make their mind to choose best available options.

Sensitive and rapid colorimetric immunoenzymometric assay of ferritin in biological samples

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
G A Ramm ◽  
L R Duplock ◽  
L W Powell ◽  
J W Halliday
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Average Recovery ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Chlorophenol Red ◽  
Liver Ferritin ◽  
Beta Galactosidase

Abstract We describe a rapid and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantifying ferritin in human and rat biological fluids. We used chlorophenol red beta-D-galactopyranoside as the colorimetric substrate of beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), which is coupled to specific antibodies to either human or rat liver ferritin. The assay is sensitive (detection limit for human assay = 0.58 micrograms/L and for rat assay = 0.37 micrograms/L), accurate (average recovery for human assay = 93% and for rat assay = 92%), and precise (total CVs for human assay = 2.3-12.2% and for rat assay = 5.6-11.3%). The results correlated well with those of an established immunoradiometric technique (r = 0.99691). This assay has a prolonged shelf-life, is inexpensive, and utilizes a stable colorimetric substrate that requires relatively short incubation.

Transfer of aflatoxins from naturally contaminated feed to milk of Nili-Ravi buffaloes fed a mycotoxin binder

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Aslam ◽  
I. Rodrigues ◽  
D. M. McGill ◽  
H. M. Warriach ◽  
A. Cowling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Daily Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Carry Over

The objectives of this study were to observe the extent of transfer of aflatoxin B1 in feed to the aflatoxin M1 metabolite in milk in Nili-Ravi buffaloes and to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial mycotoxin binder (Mycofix, Biomin Singapore) incorporated into feed to minimise this transfer. Multiparous animals (n = 28) were randomly distributed to four groups corresponding to two treatments each with two levels of aflatoxin B1. Individual animals were exposed to naturally contaminated feed providing a total of 1475 µg/day (Groups A and B) or 2950 µg/day (Groups C and D) of aflatoxin B1. Groups B and D were given 50 g of mycotoxin binder daily mixed with feed whereas Groups A and C were kept as controls. Feed samples were analysed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography for aflatoxin B1 and milk samples were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the liver metabolite aflatoxin M1. The mean value of total daily aflatoxin M1 excretion for animals fed 2950 µg/day of aflatoxin B1 (112.6 µg/day) was almost double (P < 0.001) than the excretion in buffaloes fed 1475 µg/day (62.2 µg/day). The mean daily concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk of animals from both treatment groups supplemented with 50 g/day of mycotoxin binder was 76.5 µg/day, nearly 22 µg lower than those without binder at 98.3 µg/day (s.e.d. = 5.99: P < 0.01). The interaction of binder and treatment was not significant i.e. the 50 g/day of binder was able to sequester aflatoxin B1 with the same efficiency in groups fed with high and low concentrations of aflatoxin B1. Carry over was (3.44%) lower (P = 0.001) in animals supplemented with 50 g/day of mycotoxin binder than those fed no binder (4.60%). Thus buffaloes are highly efficient at transferring aflatoxins in feed to the aflatoxin M1 metabolite in milk, whereas mycotoxin binder is capable of alleviating without preventing this contamination risk.

scholarly journals Testing the extraction of 12 mycotoxins from aqueous solutions by insoluble beta-cyclodextrin bead polymer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violetta Mohos ◽  
Zelma Faisal ◽  
Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl ◽  
Lajos Szente ◽  
Miklós Poór
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Beta Cyclodextrin ◽  
Toxic Metabolites

AbstractMycotoxins are toxic metabolites of filamentous fungi; they are common contaminants in numerous foods and beverages. Cyclodextrins are ring-shaped oligosaccharides, which can form host-guest type complexes with certain mycotoxins. Insoluble beta-cyclodextrin bead polymer (BBP) extracted successfully some mycotoxins (e.g., alternariol and zearalenone) from aqueous solutions, including beverages. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to examine the ability of BBP to remove other 12 mycotoxins (including aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, citrinin, dihydrocitrinone, cyclopiazonic acid, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, zearalanone, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol) from different buffers (pH 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0). Our results showed that BBP can effectively extract citrinin, dihydrocitrinone, sterigmatocystin, zearalanone, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol at each pH tested. However, for the removal of ochratoxin A, BBP was far the most effective at pH 3.0. Based on these observations, BBP may be a suitable mycotoxin binder to extract certain mycotoxins from aqueous solutions for decontamination and/or for analytical purposes.

scholarly journals Occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in maize silage in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Glamočić ◽  
Miroslava Polovinski Horvatović ◽  
Igor Jajić ◽  
Saša Krstović ◽  
Darko Guljaš
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Two Samples

Abstract Silage made from the whole-plant maize is one of the most popular forages in Serbia. Consumption of maize silage by cows can be up to 30-35 kg/day. In Serbia in the few last years in the focus of the public and agriculture community were two mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 and its metabolite aflatoxin M1 due to the outbreak of contaminated maize which affected the Balkans in 2012. Maize is regularly checked on the occurrence of aflatoxin B1, however forages are often neglected as a potential source of mycotoxins in the nutrition of dairy cattle. In this work, 48 samples of maize silage were analyzed for the occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone. Samples were collected from three regions (Bačka, Banat and Srem) in Vojvodina. In all samples, at least one mycotoxin above the limit of quantification was measured. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 36 (75%) samples. In two samples from Banat, the concentration of aflatoxin B1 exceeded the maximum level (ML) set by Serbian regulation (30 µg/kg at moisture content of 12%). In seven samples, the concentration of aflatoxin B1 was above 20 µg/kg which is the EU regulated ML. Average concentration of ochratoxin A was 10.4 µg/kg, while the maximum measured value was 34.3 µg/kg. Maximum zearalenone content in all samples was 538 µg/kg while the average zearalenone concentration was 138 µg/kg. The results from this research point out that mycotoxin contaminated silage in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia can significantly contribute to daily intake of aflatoxin B1 in dairy cattle.

Aflatoxina M1 e Aflatoxina B1-lisina como Biomarcadores de Avaliação da Eficiência de Adsorventes para Aflatoxinas: Artigo de Revisão

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roice Eliana Rosim ◽  
Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira ◽  
Carlos Humberto Corassin
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Published Data ◽  
The Individual

A contaminação de alimentos por aflatoxinas, principalmente, a aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) representa um problema mundial para a saúde humana e animal. Uma forma de avaliar a exposição a estes contaminantes é analisando a dieta para verificar a ocorrência destes compostos. Esta metodologia, no entanto, tem limitações devido à variabilidade das aflatoxinas encontradas nos alimentos e às diferenças individuais na toxicocinética dos compostos. Por outro lado, o biomonitoramento de aflatoxinas em fluidos biológicos se utilizando de biomarcadores gera informações mais confiáveis sobre a exposição a estas toxinas nos indivíduos. O uso de adsorventes químicos na ração animal possibilita a detoxificação de aflatoxinas sem produzir efeitos tóxicos nem alterar as propriedades nutricionais. Este trabalho teve por objetivo revisar os dados publicados sobre a eficiência in vitro e in vivo de adsorventes para aflatoxinas, bem como estudos referentes ao uso da aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) e da AFB1-lisina como biomarcadores para avaliar a redução da biodisponibilidade da AFB1 por adsorventes em rações. Trabalhos relevantes publicados nos últimos dez anos (2009-presente) foram selecionados nas bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct e Google Scholar. A determinação de AFM1 no leite e/ou na urina, bem como de AFB1-lisina no soro, indica a biodisponibilidade individual da AFB1 em ensaios para avaliar a eficiência de adsorventes em animais. Deste modo, a utilização destes biomarcadores permite reduzir os custos dos ensaios in vivo, além de proporcionar maior padronização dos experimentos e possibilitar a avaliação da eficiência dos adsorventes em condições de campo. Palavras chave: AFB1. - Adsorventes Minerais. Biomarcadores de Exposição - AFB1-lisina - AFM1           AbstractFood contamination by aflatoxins, mainly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is a worldwide concern for human and animal health. A possible way to assess the exposure to these contaminants is through the diet analyses to verify the occurrence of mycotoxins. However, this methodology has important limitations due to the variability of mycotoxins found in the food and the individual differences in the toxicokinetics of the compounds. On the other hand, biomonitoring of aflatoxins in biological fluids using biomarkers generates more reliable information on the exposure to these toxins in individuals. The use of chemical adsorbents in animal feed makes it possible to detoxify mycotoxins without producing toxic effects or altering the nutritional properties. The aim of this study was to revise the available published data on the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of adsorbents for aflatoxins, as well as studies on the use of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and AFB1-lysine as biomarkers to evaluate the reduction in the bioavailability of AFB1 by adsorbents in feed. Relevant articles published in the last 10 years (2009-present) were selected in PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Determination of AFM1 in milk and/or urine, and AFB1-lysine in serum, indicate the individual bioavailability of AFB1 in trials conducted for evaluation of adsorbent’s efficiency in animals. Thus, the use of these biomarkers may reduce the costs of in vivo trials, increase the standardization of experiments, and evaluate the adsorbents’ efficiency under field conditions. Keywords: Aflatoxin B1 – Clays - Exposure Biomarkers - Aflatoxin B1-lysine Aflatoxin M1. 

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay of Mycotoxins Using Nylon Bead and Terasaki Plate Solid Phases

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. PESTKA ◽  
F. S. CHU
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Solid Phases ◽  
New Procedures

Nylon beads and Terasaki plates were tested as solid phases for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and T-2 toxin. Both methods had detection limits comparable to that of mycotoxin microtiter plate ELISAs. Using the nylon bead ELISA, ELISA competition curves for AFB1, AFM1 and T-2 toxin exhibited linear response between 1.0 to 100, 0.1 to 100, and 0.1 to 10.0 ng/ml, respectively. Response ranges for Terasaki plate ELISAs of AFB1, AFM1 and T-2 toxin were 1.0 to 50, 0.05 to 0.50, and 0.5 to 1.0 ng/ml, respectively. The new procedures did not require specialized instrumentation and may be used as an economical screening method for mycotoxins in the field and to diagnose certain mycotoxicoses.

Monoclonal Antibody-Based Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay of Aflatoxin B1, T-2 Toxin, and Ochratoxin A in Barley

1990 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nannapaneni Ramakrishna ◽  
John Lacey ◽  
Alan A.G Candlish ◽  
John E Smith ◽  
Ian A Goodbrand
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Competitive Elisa ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Simple Liquid ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Aflatoxin B1 (B1), T-2 toxin (T2), and ochratoxin A (OA) were assayed in a single extract from barley grain by using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with monoclonal antibodies. B1 and T2 monoclonal antibodies were conjugated to horseradish peroxidase for direct competitive ELISA while an indirect competitive ELISA was used for OA determination. The competitive ELISA detected 0.1 ng/mL of B1f 10 ng/mL of T2, or 1 ng/mL of OA. Acetonitrile- 0.5% KCI-6% H2S04 (89 + 10 + 1 ) extracts of barley grain either were diluted 1:10 for direct assay or were subjected to a simple liquid-liquid cleanup procedure to concentrate the extract 10:1 before assay. For cleanup, water was added to the acetonltrile extract to partition water-soluble interfering substances, and then the mycotoxins were re-extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract was evaporated to dryness and redissolved in Tris HCI buffer for ELISA. The mean recoveries from barley spiked with 4-60 ng/g of B1( 50-5000 ng/g of T2, and 5-500 ng/g of OA were, respectively, 93.8, 80.6, and 95.8%. The mean within-assay, Inter-assay, and subsample coefficients of variation by ELISA of barley grain colonized with toxigenic fungi were &lt;12% for Bi and OA but as high as 17% forT2.

scholarly journals The Investigation of Mycotoxins and Enterobacteriaceae of Cereal-Based Baby Foods Marketed in Turkey

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3040
Author(s):  
Buket Er Er Demirhan ◽  
Burak Demirhan
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Baby Foods ◽  
Mesophilic Bacteria ◽  
Classical Culture

In this study, a total of 85 cereal-based baby foods with or without milk (four different brands; A, B, C, and D) collected from Ankara local markets, Turkey were analyzed for mycotoxins, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), and Enterobacteriaceae contamination. Baby foods were analyzed for 12 toxicological important mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2; fumonisin B1 and B2; ochratoxin A; sterigmatocystin (STE); deoxynivalenol (DON); zearalenone (ZON); and T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin by LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. In addition to these mycotoxins, the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was investigated in baby foods containing milk. The classical culture method was used for microbiological analysis. Consequently, at least one mycotoxin was detected in 69.41% of the total samples. The most frequently detected mycotoxins were STE (34.12%) and HT-2 (34.12%). However, AFM1 was not detected in any of the baby foods containing milk. Also, TAMB and Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 30.59% and 10.59% of samples, respectively. As a result, it was determined that the mycotoxin levels in the analyzed samples were in accordance with the mycotoxin levels specified in the Turkish Food Codex.

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