scholarly journals EU Demand for Defense, 1990–2019: A Strategic Spatial Approach

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Justin George ◽  
Todd Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Defense Responses ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Power Projection ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Arms Trade ◽  
Spatial Approach ◽  
Demand Equations ◽  
Common Trade ◽  
Inverse Distance

For 1990–2019, this study presents two-step GMM estimates of EU members’ demands for defense spending based on alternative spatial-weight matrices. In particular, EU spatial connectivity is tied to EU membership status, members’ contiguity, contiguity and power projection, inverse distance, and arms trade. At a Nash equilibrium, our EU demand equations are derived explicitly from a spatially based game-theoretical model of alliances. Myriad spatial linkages among EU members provide a robust free-riding finding, which differs from the spatial and non-spatial literature on EU defense spending. Even though the EU applies common trade policies and allows for unrestricted labor movement among members, members’ defense responses adhered to those of a defense alliance. Moreover, EU defense spending exhibits positive responses to GDP and transnational terrorist attacks, and a negative response to population. During the sample period, EU members did not view Russia as a military threat.

scholarly journals The EAEU Free Trade Agreements as a New Viable Format for the Russian Trade Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-83
Author(s):  
V. N. Zuev ◽  
E. Ya. Ostrovskaya ◽  
V. Yu. Skryabina
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Regional Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
Common Trade ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
Revealed Comparative Advantage Index

The Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) as a legal format of trade between countries has been actively developed within the last decades. Russian involvement in RTAs until recently was modest. However, after the EAEU creation in 2015, trade policies of the member countries have changed. Setting up the RTAs has become an important priority of the EAEU’s common trade policy. In this study, the assessment is made of the significance for the Russian domestic policies of the already signed and planned FTAs. The focus of the methodology of the study lies in computations of three trade indices: export significance index (suggested by authors and based on the revealed comparative advantage index), trade intensity index and symmetric trade introversion index, which were calculated for the totality of trade partners of Russia for 2019 (193 countries) in order to identify the most promising countries to conclude new FTAs. Authors come to a conclusion that the already signed Russian RTAs and newly planned Russian common FTAs on behalf of the EAEU have a potential to generate trade. Another important result of the study is that it provides the list of the first-priority countries for the new-coming FTAs for Russia and the EAEU partners in terms of efficiency in generating trade, that are - Egypt, Turkey, Algeria, Republic of Korea and Mongolia. The authors suggest to make similar calculations for other countries to support the revealed pattern.

scholarly journals 14 empty airframes: public–private relations in the Swedish arms industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Åkerström
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Production Lines ◽  
State Support ◽  
Arms Trade ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Swedish History

In February 2013, the Swedish Defense Materiel Administration ordered 14 empty airframes in an effort to keep production lines open at the national arms producer Saab. This unusual example of state support is a reflection of the tight-knit relationship between state actors and the arms industry in Sweden. This article provides a case study of the political and economic factors that contributed to the order. It analyses the Swedish history of armed neutrality and military non-alignment as a driver of contemporary procurement and arms trade policies, and the formation of a “partially captive” Swedish arms market—where orders to Saab made up 60 percent of the Swedish arms procurement budget in 2018.

Evolution of EC Trade Policies

2012 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
M. Strezhneva
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Trade ◽  
The Eu

Research presented in this article highlights the place and significance of the Common trade policy in determining the role of the EU as an actor of the international scene. According to the existing forecasts, by the year 2015 up to 90% of growth in global economy will be generated outside Europe – in Asian markets first of all. In order to keep up with their competitors and to successfully use the new global opportunities, European firms need an access to these markets where they can, however, meet substantial obstacles.

scholarly journals As Políticas de Transferência de Armas e a Evolução da Sociedade Internacional: Continuidade e Mudança na Cooperação Brasileiro-Francesa

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-279
Author(s):  
Carlos Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Arms Transfers ◽  
Arms Trade ◽  
State Actors

O artigo explora a relevância das políticas de transferência de armas sob a perspectiva da segurança internacional e da evolução da sociedade internacional. Entende-se que as transferências de armas são essencialmente atos políticos, mesmo que existam outros incentivos – econômicos. Elas atingem as relações bilaterais e multilaterais entre Estados fornecedores, receptores – e eventualmente também de atores não-estatais, bem como das vítimas e dos contribuintes de impostos. O Brasil e a França são países que apresentam um longo histórico de cooperação no campo da segurança internacional. Em consequência, torna-se necessário avaliar a recomposição das suas respectivas políticas de transferências. Palavras-chave: Brasil; França; Segurança Internacional; Indústria de Defesa; Transferência de Armas.     Abstract: This article discusses arms trade policies from an international security perspective. Arms transfers are widely treated as political issues even when economic incentives exist. They affect bilateral and multilateral relations among suppliers, countries receiving the arms, non-state actors, taxpayers, and victims. Brazil and France have historical links in international security matters. This, in turn, calls for a review and compare of both arms transfer policies. Keywords: Brazil; France; International Security; Arms Industry; Arms Transfer.     Recebido em: janeiro/2017. Aprovado em: julho/2017

Competitive and Complementary Relations in International Travel: The Case of British Travel to Cyprus

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 395-420
Author(s):  
Petros Anastasopoulos ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Association ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Relative Price ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Export Demand ◽  
Relative Prices ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Demand Equations

This is an econometric analysis of demand for travel to Cyprus by Britons. We examined the competitive and complementary relations between travel to Cyprus and other well-established travel destinations in the Mediterranean basin. Because many package tours include several countries in their destinations within a given journey, and because individual travelers find it more advantageous to visit more than one country in a single trip, it may be meaningful to examine international travel within the contest of groups of countries rather than a single country competing for international travelers. Specifically, we provide an analysis of the competitive and complementary relations existing between the tourism sectors of Cyprus and that of Greece, Spain and Portugal for British travelers. We provide estimates of income and relative price elasticities based of export demand equations upon annual data from 1980-2016. We tested for the stationarity of the variables and derived estimates of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). These tests confirm a strong association between the incomes of Britons and their decision to travel to Cyprus. Furthermore, we show the relative prices between Cyprus and other competing destinations in the Mediterranean to play an important role in determining British travel to Cyprus.

Book review

2002 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-514
Author(s):  
András Simonovits ◽  
Ádám Török ◽  
Beatrix Lányi
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
International Competitiveness ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Academic Press ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Edward Elgar

T. Boeri - A. Börsch-Supan - A. Brugviani - R. A. Kapteyn - F. Peracchi (eds): Pensions: More Information, Less Ideology(Boston/Dordrecht/London: Kluwer Academic Press, 2001, 196 pp.) B. Å. Lundvall - G. Esping-Andersen - L. Soete - M. Castells - M. Telò - M. Tomlinson - R. Boyer - R. M. Lindley (ed.: M. J. Rodrigues): The New Knowledge Economy in Europe. A Strategy for International Competitiveness and Cohesion (Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2002, 337 pp.) G. Gorzelak - É. Ehrlich - L. Faltan - M. Illner: Central Europe in Transition: Toward EU Membership (Warsaw: Regional Studies Association, 2001, 371 pp.)

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