Institutional Change and Macroeconomic Variables in the ASEAN—Indonesia, Vietnam, and Cambodia: The Effects of a Trade War between China and USA

A trade war between the United States and China resulted in an increase in trade tariffs on imported goods entering each of these countries. Southeast Asian countries that have trade relations with the two countries, especially in terms of non-oil and gas exports of 25% to 35%, will be affected by export demand. Furthermore, the effects of the trade war will reduce gross domestic product (GDP) in Southeast Asian countries or the ASEAN and increase the current account deficit. On the other hand, the effects of the trade war that led to the decision of foreign investors to move their manufacturing base out of China will produce a flow of foreign investment that is ready to be captured by every ASEAN country.

Identification of elite germplasm of medicinally important Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees with high content of four active diterpenoids in aerial parts from wild populations of eastern India

Andrographis paniculata is an Indian medicinal plant with tremendous therapeutic values due to the presence of active diterpenoids in its aerial parts. However, high domestic and export demand has led to overexploitation of wild populations of this species. With a view to bringing A. paniculata into cultivation and to reduce the pressure on wild populations, the present study was undertaken to identify elite germplasm from different locations of eastern India by analysing intraspecific variation in the content of four major active diterpenoids. A total of 166 wild accessions of A. paniculata analysed through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed remarkable variation in the sum of four active diterpenoids in the aerial parts, ranging from 0.41 to 8.55% on a dry weight basis. Three elite accessions (AP-6, AP-8, AP-46) having respectively 8.02, 8.36 & 8.55% of the sum of four major active diterpenoids were identified. These germplasm could be used for commercial cultivation and genetic improvement of A. paniculata.

Export demand will cushion China’s fourth-quarter GDP

Headline CHINA: Export demand will cushion fourth-quarter GDP

Pengembangan Produk Olahan Jahe di Kecamatan Jenawi Kabupaten Karanganyar (Studi Kasus Kelompok Wanita Tani Desa Sidomukti)

This study aimed to analyzed development strategies that can be applied to ginger processed product in Jenawi District, Karanganyar Regency. Data collected by interview and field observation. Data was analyzed using the IE and SWOT matrix analysis. The Mukti Rahayu Women's Farmer Group was founded in 2009 to process emprit ginger production into instant ginger products and fill in the activities of housewives around the group environment. In addition, the formation of groups also aimed to improve the economic standard of the surrounding community. The results of the identification of internal and external factors were analyzed using the IFE and EFE matrices with a total weight score of 2.91 and 3.11, respectively. These results occupied quadrant II in the IE matrix (growth position). Several alternative strategies were formulated including: adding members and increasing instant ginger production, increasing production scale to meet export demand, tightening QC to maintain quality and expanding offline and online markets, and maximizing the application and use of technology in marketing, accounting and financial records.

Estimation of Indonesia Wooden Furniture Export Demand Function

The export value of Indonesia’s wooden furniture was sharply decreased by about 31.9% over the period in 2007-2018. On the other hand, global wooden furniture export was increased by 5.8% during the same period. Understanding the behavior of the demand side of Indonesia’s wooden furniture exports that is reflected by its relative price and income elasticities is needed for the policy development of Indonesia’s wooden furniture industry in the future. The objective of this study was to estimate the export demand function of Indonesia wooden furniture using a panel data regression model. Three types of panel data models, such as pooled ordinary least squares model, fixed-effects model, and random effects model, were investigated. The results showed that the export demand function of Indonesia wooden furniture could be well estimated using the fixed effects model. Relative price elasticity and income elasticity were -0.45 and 0.8, respectively. The adjusted R2 value obtained was 0.99. Keywords: export demand function, panel data regression, wooden furniture

Global manufacturing growth will slow into 2022

Significance Production increased at near-record rates in the West. Growth was also strong in East Asia, based on export demand, but weaker in key emerging markets in South Asia, South-east Asia and Latin America that continue to suffer from pandemic-related disruption. Impacts Production backlogs and inventories will continue to pile up, putting further pressure on both input and output prices. Smaller suppliers with limited pricing leverage will bear the brunt of escalating costs. Cash-flow pressures will compound market uncertainties and heightened supply chain risks in slowing rates of investment in new capacity. Opportunities will emerge from the supply-side disruptions and firms will consider longer-term changes to their supply chains. Firms able to leverage their workforce skills, processes and technologies to speed up product innovation are best positioned for success.

STRATEGI PEMASARAN BUAH MANGGIS PADA KELOMPOKTANI SINAR MUSTIKA PUSPAHIANG DI KABUPETAN TASIKMALAYA

Total production of the mangosteen fruit in Tasikmalaya Regency achieve 345 tons in 2017 (Department of Agriculture Kabupaten Tasikmalaya 2017). Mangosteen fruit from the city of Tasikmalaya has export market opportunities are quite large. Export demand is high resulting in farmers group Sinar Mustika made a new breakthrough by doing organic certification for mangosteen. This is done to increase the selling price and has the power market. The selling price of the mangosteen fruit from each marketing agencies have a range which is quite high. So the purpose of this research is to formulate a marketing strategy mangosteen tools through the concept of the marketing mix. The design of the marketing mix involves the internal and external conditions, farmers group Sinar Mustika. The method of analysis with AHP (Analitical Hierarchy Process) is used for research in determining which strategy to become a priority in the marketing activities of mangosteen. Stages of the research carried out among others 1) to collect marketing information mangosteen with through observation, survey, and interview. 2) gather information about the advantages and weaknesses of the marketing activities of mangosteen in Tasikmalaya Regency, 3) formulate a strategy for the development of mangosteen organic with AHP (Analitical Hierarchy Process). Marketing mangosteen organic has two marketing channels involve two distributors which is PT Java Fresh and PT Anugrah Lalang Buana. Every marketing actors involved do not make changes on mangosteen but marketing in the form of fresh mangosteen. According to the internal and external conditions, farmers group Sinar Mustika have the value of the X axis 0.58 and the Y-axis 0.22 is in quadrant 1. Shows the position of the group must continue to concentrate on the current market (market penetration and market development) and product. While alternative strategies beradasrkan AHP that farmer groups should do the strategy in improving the quality of post-harvest with the highest weight value 0.39. Therefore the group should cooperate with local authorities in the provision of resources in increasing the quality of the product and market development to be able to reduce the risk of mangosteen.

Demand for Cashew Nut Exports of Guinea-Bissau (1990-2011): VAR Model Application

This study aimed to estimate via VAR the reaction of the export demand for Guinea-Bissau Cashew nuts to the shocks of world income, exchange rate and of the foreign and domestic prices and of the effects of the Civil War, which occurred in the country from 1990 to 2011. The main results obtained by analyzing the impulse response function and variance decomposition, showed that changes in domestic price and exchange rates don’t explain the external demand for this commodity. External demand responds to changes in global income and foreign price. Moreover, the Civil War of 1998 influenced the foreign demand. In the long run, external demand for cashew nuts doesn’t react to shocks in any of the variables in the model.

Genetic Characterization of Swamp Eel of Bangladesh Through Dna Barcoding and Rapd Techniques

The freshwater air-breathing swamp eel Monopterus spp. are native to the freshwater of Bangladesh and throughout the Indian subcontinent. To identify the different swamp eel species and to check the genetic diversity among them, a total of twelve swamp eel specimens were collected from four districts (Tangail, Bogura, Bagerhat and Sylhet) representing the four division of Bangladesh. The extracted DNA from twelve fish samples was amplified by the PCR technique for DNA barcoding and RAPD analysis. Among 12 specimens, 8 specimens showed a 95-100% similarity with M. cuchia species published in the NCBI GenBank database and BOLD system. The studied mct3 (collected from Tangail region), mcs1, mcs2 and mcs3 (collected from Sylhet region) specimens showed about 83% homology with Ophisternon sp. MFIV306-10 as per BLAST search; whereas BOLD private database showed 99% similarity with Ophisternon bengalense (Bengal eel). From the phylogenetic tree analysis, 8 samples were clustered with M. cuchia and 4 samples showed similarity with Ophisternon sp. MFIV306-10 and Ophisternon bengalense _ANGBF45828-19. In RAPD-PCR based analysis, it was found that the maximum genetic distance (1.6094) was observed between mcba2 and mcs3, while between mct1 and mct2, the minimum genetic distance was 0.000. A total of 192 bands, of which 35 were polymorphic with 17.88% polymorphisms among swamp eel species and the size of the amplified DNA fragments ranged from 250 to 1800 bp. The information on DNA barcoding and RAPD analysis help measure the genetic diversity among swamp eel species, ensure the reliability of the published taxonomic information, and initiate proper management programs to conserve these vulnerable species to meet future export demand. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 46(2): 117-131, December 2020

THE DETERMINANTS OF INDONESIA’S COAL EXPORTS DEMAND TO SIX ASIAN COUNTRIES

Coal is one of the most needed commodities globally because of its power plants and industrial machinery. According to World Coal Institute (2018), the world coal trade is dominated by several producing countries, Indonesia (ranked 2nd with 28.21 percent). Indonesia's coal exports are influenced by determinants of demand from export destination countries. This study will test at least four demand determinants in destination countries for their effects on Indonesian exports: exchange rate, foreign exchange reserves, population, and coal production. The study used six Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, India, Thailand, Philippines, and Malaysia) over 2008-2018. The methodology used is multiple linear regression with a series of chow and Hausman tests. Each variable has been tested by t-test (partial) and f test (simultaneous), and R2 test to analyze the percentage of the influence of the model on the dependent variable. This study revealed that the variable foreign exchange reserves and population growth of six Asian countries have a significant positive effect on Indonesia's coal export. Simultaneously, the exchange rate and coal production of the destination countries were not proven to have a negative impact but positively affected coal export. All variables have a significant and partially significant effect so that the model can explain the coal export variable at 93.08 percent (Adjust R-squared).Keywords: Coal Export, Demand DeterminantsJEL Classification: C2, F1, Q31