scholarly journals Highly Rearranged Karyotypes and Multiple Sex Chromosome Systems in Armored Catfishes from the Genus Harttia (Teleostei, Siluriformes)

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1366
Author(s):  
Geize Aparecida Deon ◽  
Larissa Glugoski ◽  
Marcelo Ricardo Vicari ◽  
Viviane Nogaroto ◽  
Francisco de Menezes Cavalcante Sassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Shared Content ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
Number Variation ◽  
Fish Group ◽  
Sex Chromosome System

Harttia comprises an armored catfish genus endemic to the Neotropical region, including 27 valid species with low dispersion rates that are restricted to small distribution areas. Cytogenetics data point to a wide chromosomal diversity in this genus due to changes that occurred in isolated populations, with chromosomal fusions and fissions explaining the 2n number variation. In addition, different multiple sex chromosome systems and rDNA loci location are also found in some species. However, several Harttia species and populations remain to be investigated. In this study, Harttia intermontana and two still undescribed species, morphologically identified as Harttia sp. 1 and Harttia sp. 2, were cytogenetically analyzed. Harttia intermontana has 2n = 52 and 2n = 53 chromosomes, while Harttia sp. 1 has 2n = 56 and 2n = 57 chromosomes in females and males, respectively, thus highlighting the occurrence of an XX/XY1Y2 multiple sex chromosome system in both species. Harttia sp. 2 presents 2n = 62 chromosomes for both females and males, with fission events explaining its karyotype diversification. Chromosomal locations of the rDNA sites were also quite different among species, reinforcing that extensive rearrangements had occurred in their karyotype evolution. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) experiments among some Harttia species evidenced a shared content of the XY1Y2 sex chromosomes in three of them, thus pointing towards their common origin. Therefore, the comparative analysis among all Harttia species cytogenetically studied thus far allowed us to provide an evolutionary scenario related to the speciation process of this fish group.

scholarly journals The karyotypes and evolution of ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes in the genus Characidium (Characiformes, Crenuchidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Baer Pucci ◽  
Viviane Nogaroto ◽  
Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo ◽  
Orlando Moreira-Filho ◽  
Marcelo Ricardo Vicari
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Repeated Dna ◽  
Neotropical Fish ◽  
Karyotypic Formula ◽  
Fish Group ◽  
Sex Chromosome System

Available data on cytotaxonomy of the genus Characidium Reinhardt, 1867, which contains the greatest number of species in the Characidiinae (Crenuchidae), with 64 species widely distributed throughout the Neotropical region, were summarized and reviewed. Most Characidium species have uniform diploid chromosome number (2n) = 50 and karyotype with 32 metacentric (m) and 18 submetacentric (sm) chromosomes. The maintenance of the 2n and karyotypic formula in Characidium implies that their genomes did not experience large chromosomal rearrangements during species diversification. In contrast, the internal chromosomal organization shows a dynamic differentiation among their genomes. Available data indicated the role of repeated DNA sequences in the chromosomal constitution of the Characidium species, particularly, in sex chromosome differentiation. Karyotypes of the most Characidium species exhibit a heteromorphic ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system. The W chromosome is characterized by high rates of repetitive DNA accumulation, including satellite, microsatellite, and transposable elements (TEs), with a varied degree of diversification among species. In the current review, the main Characidium cytogenetic data are presented, highlighting the major features of its karyotype and sex chromosome evolution. Despite the conserved karyotypic macrostructure with prevalent 2n = 50 chromosomes in Characidium, herein we grouped the main cytogenetic information which led to chromosomal diversification in this Neotropical fish group.

scholarly journals Chromosomal Evolution and Evolutionary Relationships of Lebiasina Species (Characiformes, Lebiasinidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sassi ◽  
Oliveira ◽  
Bertollo ◽  
Nirchio ◽  
Hatanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
High Level ◽  
Chromosomal Sequences

We present the first cytogenetic data for Lebiasina bimaculata and L. melanoguttata with the aim of (1) investigating evolutionary events within Lebiasina and their relationships with other Lebiasinidae genera and (2) checking the evolutionary relationships between Lebiasinidae and Ctenoluciidae. Both species have a diploid number 2n = 36 with similar karyotypes and microsatellite distribution patterns but present contrasting C-positive heterochromatin and CMA3+ banding patterns. The remarkable interstitial series of C-positive heterochromatin occurring in L. melanoguttata is absent in L. bimaculata. Accordingly, L. bimaculata shows the ribosomal DNA sites as the only GC-rich (CMA3+) regions, while L. melanoguttata shows evidence of a clear intercalated CMA3+ banding pattern. In addition, the multiple 5S and 18S rDNA sites in L. melanogutatta contrast with single sites present in L. bimaculata. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) experiments also revealed a high level of genomic differentiation between both species. A polymorphic state of a conspicuous C-positive, CMA3+, and (CGG)n band was found only to occur in L. bimaculata females, and its possible relationship with a nascent sex chromosome system is discussed. Whole chromosome painting (WCP) and CGH experiments indicate that the Lebiasina species examined and Boulengerella maculata share similar chromosomal sequences, thus supporting the relatedness between them and the evolutionary relationships between the Lebiasinidae and Ctenoluciidae families.

scholarly journals Contributions to the systematic of Pimelodidae (Osteichthyes, Siluriformes): basic and molecular cytogenetics on seven species of Pimelodus from three Brazilian hydrographic systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone C. Girardi ◽  
Carla S. Pavanelli ◽  
Vladimir P. Margarido
Keyword(s):  
18S Rdna ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rdna Fish ◽  
Pimelodus Maculatus ◽  
Cytogenetic Methods

ABSTRACT Pimelodidae harbors several species and is widely distributed throughout the Neotropical region. Pimelodus is the genus with the largest number of species, however it is a polyphyletic group. Cytogenetic analyzes of the valid species still covers less than half of them. Herein, seven Pimelodus species from three Brazilian hydrographic systems were analyzed through basic (Giemsa, AgNORs and C banding) and molecular (5S and 18S rDNA-FISH) cytogenetic methods. All species had 2n=56 chromosomes with different karyotype formulas observed among the species. AgNORs were corresponding to 18S rDNA and localized on long arm of one chromosome pair in all species. Heterochromatin distribution follows the pattern commonly verified in the family and allows to identify each one of the studied species. 5S rDNA marker was interspecifically variable in number and position of cistrons. Pimelodus ortmanni had B chromosomes varying intra and inter-individually. We performed a discussion on our own and available cytogenetic data for Pimelodidae, and the associating of them with available phylogeny enable us identifying features that distinguish subgroups within Pimelodidae, such as NORs location (terminal/long arm for species belonging to “Iheringichthys-Parapimelodus” and “Pimelodus maculatus” subclades) and location of 5S rDNA sites (pericentromeric/interstitial/ long arm for species belonging to Pimelodus group).

scholarly journals Revisiting the Karyotype Evolution of Neotropical Boid Snakes: A Puzzle Mediated by Chromosomal Fissions

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2268
Author(s):  
Patrik F. Viana ◽  
Tariq Ezaz ◽  
Marcelo de Bello Cioffi ◽  
Thomas Liehr ◽  
Ahmed Al-Rikabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Sex Chromosome System

The Boidae family is an ancient group of snakes widely distributed across the Neotropical region, where several biogeographic events contributed towards shaping their evolution and diversification. Most species of this family have a diploid number composed of 2n = 36; however, among Booidea families, the Boidae stands out by presenting the greatest chromosomal diversity, with 2n ranging between 36 and 44 chromosomes and an undifferentiated XY sex chromosome system. Here, we applied a comparative chromosome analysis using cross-species chromosome paintings in five species representing four Boidae genera, to decipher the evolutionary dynamics of some chromosomes in these Neotropical snakes. Our study included all diploid numbers (2n = 36, 40, and 44) known for this family and our comparative chromosomal mappings point to a strong evolutionary relationship among the genera Boa, Corallus, Eunectes, and Epicrates. The results also allowed us to propose the cytogenomic diversification that had occurred in this family: a process mediated by centric fissions, including fission events of the putative and undifferentiated XY sex chromosome system in the 2n = 44 karyotype, which is critical in solving the puzzle of the karyotype evolution of boid snakes.

Genomic Organization of Repetitive DNAs and Differentiation of an XX/XY Sex Chromosome System in the Amazonian Puffer Fish, Colomesus asellus (Tetraodontiformes)

2017 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik F. Viana ◽  
Tariq Ezaz ◽  
Leandro Marajó ◽  
Milena Ferreira ◽  
Jansen Zuanon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
First Record ◽  
Nucleolus Organizer ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Nucleolus Organizer Regions ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
Puffer Fish ◽  
Specific Amplification ◽  
Sex Chromosome System

The genus Colomesus is the sole representative of the family Tetraodontidae in the Amazon region. Here, Colomesus asellus was analyzed using conventional and molecular cytogenetic protocols. Its diploid chromosome number is 2n = 46 with 12 meta-, 10 submeta-, 16 subtelo-, and 8 acrocentric chromosomes and a fundamental number of FN = 84. An XX/XY sex chromosome system was identified. Mapping of 18S rDNA correlated with the nucleolus organizer regions (Ag-NORs) in the short arms of the 2 X chromosomes in females and in the Y chromosome in males. C-banding revealed heterochromatin in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes, except for pair 3. Prominent sex chromosome-specific heterochromatin amplification was observed, covering the short arms of the Y chromosome almost entirely. FISH with telomeric and tropomyosin (tpm1) sequences, respectively, revealed terminal signals in all chromosomes. The analysis of extended DNA fibers confirmed the colocalization and the interspersed pattern of the telomeric and tpm1 sequences. Thus, this study highlights the remarkable evolutionary dynamism presented by the Amazonian puffer fish regarding the differentiation of a heteromorphic XY sex chromosome system and a particular sex-specific amplification of rDNA sites. This is the first record of such an association in the Tetraodontidae family.

scholarly journals Tracking the Evolutionary Trends Among Small-Size Fishes of the Genus Pyrrhulina (Characiforme, Lebiasinidae): New Insights From a Molecular Cytogenetic Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Luiza Rosa de Moraes ◽  
Francisco de Menezes Cavalcante Sassi ◽  
Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo ◽  
Manoela Maria Ferreira Marinho ◽  
Patrik Ferreira Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Comparative Genome Hybridization ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
Previous Hypothesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cytogenetic Analyses ◽  
High Dynamics

Miniature fishes have always been a challenge for cytogenetic studies due to the difficulty in obtaining chromosomal preparations, making them virtually unexplored. An example of this scenario relies on members of the family Lebiasinidae which include miniature to medium-sized, poorly known species, until very recently. The present study is part of undergoing major cytogenetic advances seeking to elucidate the evolutionary history of lebiasinids. Aiming to examine the karyotype diversification more deeply in Pyrrhulina, here we combined classical and molecular cytogenetic analyses, including Giemsa staining, C-banding, repetitive DNA mapping, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and whole chromosome painting (WCP) to perform the first analyses in five Pyrrhulina species (Pyrrhulina aff. marilynae, Pyrrhulina sp., P. obermulleri, P. marilynae and Pyrrhulina cf. laeta). The diploid number (2n) ranged from 40 to 42 chromosomes among all analyzed species, but P. marilynae is strikingly differentiated by having 2n = 32 chromosomes and a karyotype composed of large meta/submetacentric chromosomes, whose plesiomorphic status is discussed. The distribution of microsatellites does not markedly differ among species, but the number and position of the rDNA sites underwent significant changes among them. Interspecific comparative genome hybridization (CGH) found a moderate divergence in the repetitive DNA content among the species’ genomes. Noteworthy, the WCP reinforced our previous hypothesis on the origin of the X1X2Y multiple sex chromosome system in P. semifasciata. In summary, our data suggest that the karyotype differentiation in Pyrrhulina has been driven by major structural rearrangements, accompanied by high dynamics of repetitive DNAs.

An unusual ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system inCharacidiumfishes (Crenuchidae, Characiformes) with the presence of rDNA sites

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Noleto ◽  
A. P. Amorim ◽  
M. R. Vicari ◽  
R. F. Artoni ◽  
M. M. Cestari
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
Sex Chromosome System

scholarly journals Cytogenetic characterization of Hypostomus soniae Hollanda-Carvalho & Weber, 2004 from the Teles Pires River, southern Amazon basin: evidence of an early stage of an XX/XY sex chromosome system

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciene Castuera de Oliveira ◽  
Marcos Otávio Ribeiro ◽  
Gerlane de Medeiros Costa ◽  
Cláudio Henrique Zawadzki ◽  
Ana Camila Prizon-Nakajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolus Organizer Region ◽  
Structural Difference ◽  
Chromosomal Polymorphism ◽  
Nucleolus Organizer ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
Sex Chromosome System

In the present study, we analyzed individuals of Hypostomus soniae (Loricariidae) collected from the Teles Pires River, southern Amazon basin, Brazil. Hypostomus soniae has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 64 and a karyotype composed of 12 metacentric (m), 22 submetacentric (sm), 14 subtelocentric (st), and 16 acrocentric (a) chromosomes, with a structural difference between the chromosomes of the two sexes: the presence of a block of heterochromatin in sm pair No. 26, which appears to represent a putative initial stage of the differentiation of an XX/XY sex chromosome system. This chromosome, which had a heterochromatin block, and was designated proto-Y (pY), varied in the length of the long arm (q) in comparison with its homolog, resulting from the addition of constitutive heterochromatin. It is further distinguished by the presence of major ribosomal cistrons in a subterminal position of the long arm (q). The Nucleolus Organizer Region (NOR) had different phenotypes among the H. soniae individuals in terms of the number of Ag-NORs and 18S rDNA sites. The origin, distribution and maintenance of the chromosomal polymorphism found in H. soniae reinforced the hypothesis of the existence of a proto-Y chromosome, demonstrating the rise of an XX/XY sex chromosome system.

scholarly journals Adding New Pieces to the Puzzle of Karyotype Evolution in Harttia (Siluriformes, Loricariidae): Investigation of Amazonian Species

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 922
Author(s):  
Francisco de M. C. Sassi ◽  
Orlando Moreira-Filho ◽  
Geize A. Deon ◽  
Alexandr Sember ◽  
Luiz A. C. Bertollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Chromosomal Distribution ◽  
Single Chromosome ◽  
Male Genome ◽  
Rdna Sites

A remarkable morphological diversity and karyotype variability can be observed in the Neotropical armored catfish genus Harttia. These fishes offer a useful model to explore both the evolution of karyotypes and sex chromosomes, since many species possess male-heterogametic sex chromosome systems and a high rate of karyotype repatterning. Based on the karyotype organization, the chromosomal distribution of several repetitive DNA classes, and the rough estimates of genomic divergences at the intraspecific and interspecific levels via Comparative Genomic Hybridization, we identified shared diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 54) but different karyotype compositions in H. dissidens (20m + 26sm + 8a) and Harttia sp. 3 (16m + 18sm + 14st + 6a), and different 2n in H. guianensis (2n = 58; 20m + 26sm + 2st + 10a). All species further displayed similar patterns of chromosomal distribution concerning constitutive heterochromatin, 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites, and most of the surveyed microsatellite motifs. Furthermore, differences in the distribution of 5S rDNA sites and a subset of microsatellite sequences were identified. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes were lacking in H. dissidens and H. guianensis at the scale of our analysis. However, one single chromosome pair in Harttia sp. 3 males presented a remarkable accumulation of male genome-derived probe after CGH, pointing to a tentative region of early sex chromosome differentiation. Thus, our data support already previously outlined evidence that Harttia is a vital model for the investigation of teleost karyotype and sex chromosome dynamics.

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