scholarly journals Drones over the “Black Desert”: The Advantages of Rotary-Wing UAVs for Complementing Archaeological Fieldwork in the Hard-to-Access Landscapes of Preservation of North-Eastern Jordan

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 426
Author(s):  
Stefan L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Relative Dating ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Rotary Wing ◽  
Transformation Processes

The increasing availability and sinking costs of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, has resulted in these devices becoming relatively commonplace on archaeological sites. The advantages of being able to rapidly obtain bespoke high-resolution images from the air are conspicuous to anyone familiar with archaeological fieldwork; meanwhile the possibilities of subsequently processing such images together with their metadata to obtain digital elevation models (DEMs) and three-dimensional (3-D) models provide additional bonuses to analysis and interpretation. The recent use of a rotary-wing drone by the Western Harra Survey (WHS), an archaeological project co-directed by the author in the “Black Desert”, or Harra, of north-eastern Jordan, showcases these advantages in the context of a landscape that (a) is subject to negligible transformation processes and (b) is difficult to access, both by vehicle and on foot. By using processed drone imagery to record in detail prehistoric basalt structures visible on the surface and their surroundings, morphological site typologies hypothesised from satellite imagery were confirmed, relative dating within sites ascertained, structural features and damage documented, spatial relationships to natural resources established, offsite features traced, modern threats to heritage catalogued, and practically inaccessible sites investigated. Together, these results, most of which were only obtainable and all of which were obtained more rapidly by using a drone, represent significant insights into this underrepresented region, and provide a case-study for the benefits of these devices in other landscapes of a similar nature.

scholarly journals Geodetic work at the archaeological site Tell el-Retaba

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Eva Stopková
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
The North ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
Modern Technologies

The paper summarizes the geodetic contribution for the Slovak team within the joint Polish-Slovak archaeological mission at Tell el-Retaba in Egypt. Surveying work at archaeological excavations is usually influenced by somewhat specific subject of study and extreme conditions, especially at the missions in the developing countries. The case study describes spatial data development according to the archaeological conventions in order to document spatial relationships between the objects in excavated trenches. The long-term sustainability of surveying work at the site has been ensured by detailed metadata recording. Except the trench mapping, Digital Elevation Model has been calculated for the study area and for the north-eastern part of the site, with promising preliminary results for further detection and modelling of archaeological structures. In general, topographic mapping together with modern technologies like Photogrammetry, Satellite Imagery, and Remote Sensing provide valuable data sources for spatial and statistical modelling of the sites; and the results offer a different perspective for the archaeological research.

scholarly journals Calibration of a Three-dimensional slope stability evaluation in Brazilian iron open pit mine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidal Félix Navarro Torres ◽  
Rodrigo Dockendorff ◽  
Juan Manuel Girao Sotomayor ◽  
Cristian Castro ◽  
Aristotelina Ferreira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
Dimensional Section ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

Abstract It has historically been frequent among geotechnical practitioners, that the stability analysis of the slopes of an open pit is performed using a two dimensional section representing the highest and steepest walls within a certain geological setting. However, the literature shows that to predict rupture events in an open pit, a three-dimensional analysis would better represent the actual conditions, as the spatial distribution of the lithology and the structural features play an important role when defining the stability of the slopes. This paper presents the case study of an open it located in Brazil, which experienced instabilities between the years 2001-2019. An evaluation of the behavior of the open pit was performed by calibrating the strength parameters to represent the best documented rupture events. The three-dimensional model was made using the FLAC3D software. The results show that there is a good correlation between the results of the model and the reports of past instabilities. Finally, recommendations are presented for the inter-ramp angles for each lithology based on the calibrated stability analyzes performed. This work seeks to contribute to the knowledge in evaluation techniques for the three-dimensional behavior of open pits.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE ACCURACY OF DEM FROM PANCHROMATIC PLEIADES IMAGERY (CASE STUDY: BANDUNG CITY. WEST JAVA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Rian Nurtyawan ◽  
Nadia Fiscarina
Keyword(s):  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Srtm Dem ◽  
Ground Control Points ◽  
Rational Polynomial ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Dem Accuracy ◽  
Very High

Pleiades satellite imagery is very high resolution. with 0.5 m spatial resolution in the panchromatic band and 2.5 m in the multispectral band. Digital elevation models (DEM) are digital models that represent the shape of the Earth's surface in three-dimensional (3D) form. The purpose of this study was to assess DEM accuracy from panchromatic Pleaides imagery. The process conducted was orthorectification using ground control points (GCPs) and the rational function model with rational polynomial coefficient (RFC) parameters. The DEM extraction process employed photogrammetric methods with different parallax concepts. Accuracy assessment was made using 35 independent check points (ICPs) with an RMSE accuracy of ± 0.802 m. The results of the Pleaides DEM image extraction were more accurate than the National DEM (DEMNAS)  and  SRTM DEM. Accuracy testing of DEMNAS results showed an RMSE of ± 0.955 m. while SRTM DEM accuracy was ± 17.740 m. Such DEM extraction from stereo Pleiades panchromatic images can be used as an element on base maps with a scale of 1: 5.000.

scholarly journals PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND ANALYSES OF POST-EARTHQUAKE GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN JIUZHAIGOU BASED ON AIRBORNE LIDAR AND IMAGERY

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B3-2020 ◽  
pp. 541-545
Author(s):  
J. She ◽  
X. Zhou ◽  
F. Liu ◽  
D. Cheng ◽  
L. Liao
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Geological Hazards ◽  
Earthquake Hazards ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Steep Slopes

Abstract. A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Jiuzhaigou County, Sichuan Province at 21:00 on August 8, 2017, and the epicentre was located in the major tourist spot of Jiuzhaigou. This paper describes the surveying and mapping project of post-earthquake hazards regions for the restoration and reconstruction purposes. The earthquake triggered thousands of collapses and landslide disasters, causing severe damage to tourist land scapes and scenic roads such as Jiuzhaigou Panda Sea. The geological hazards of steep mountains and steep slopes and dense vegetation in the scenic area are highly concealed. Traditional susceptibility mapping methods for geological hazard using only airborne images have encountered great difficulties. Aiming to solve this issue, airborne LiDAR and high-resolution images were used jointly to interpret geological disasters in this area. The three-dimensional interpretation signs of disasters are established comprehensively by using optical images and digital elevation models to obtain the distribution characteristics of existing geological hazards, coseismic geological hazards and hidden dangers, which support the restoration and reconstruction of the tourist spots.

Cycles of change in Jomon settlement: a case study from eastern Tokyo Bay

Antiquity ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 87 (338) ◽  
pp. 1169-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico R. Crema
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Tokyo Bay ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Regular Cycle ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
North Eastern

Japanese archaeology benefits from the large number of rescue excavations conducted during recent decades that have led to an unparalleled record of archaeological sites. That record is here put to use to interrogate changing settlement patterns in the north-eastern corner of Tokyo Bay during several millennia of the Jomon period (Early, Middle and Late Jomon: 7000–3220 cal BP). Jomon hunter-gatherer occupation is characterised by large numbers of settlements, some of them substantial in size, containing hundreds of individual pit-house residential units. Detailed analysis of the rank-size distribution of these settlements reveals a pattern in which periods of settlement clumping, with few large settlements, alternate with more dispersed settlement patterns on a regular cycle of approximately 600 years. The regularity of this cycle might suggest a correlation with cycles of climatic change, such as Bond events. Closer scrutiny shows, however, that such a correlation is unconvincing and suggests that cyclical change in Jomon settlement patterns may instead be due to other factors.

Electron crystallographic determination of the 3-D structure of staurolite at atomic resolution

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Downing ◽  
Hu Meisheng ◽  
Hans-Rudolf Went ◽  
Michael A. O'Keefe
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Resolution ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Scattering Effects ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Effects Of Radiation

With current advances in electron microscope design, high resolution electron microscopy has become routine, and point resolutions of better than 2Å have been obtained in images of many inorganic crystals. Although this resolution is sufficient to resolve interatomic spacings, interpretation generally requires comparison of experimental images with calculations. Since the images are two-dimensional representations of projections of the full three-dimensional structure, information is invariably lost in the overlapping images of atoms at various heights. The technique of electron crystallography, in which information from several views of a crystal is combined, has been developed to obtain three-dimensional information on proteins. The resolution in images of proteins is severely limited by effects of radiation damage. In principle, atomic-resolution, 3D reconstructions should be obtainable from specimens that are resistant to damage. The most serious problem would appear to be in obtaining high-resolution images from areas that are thin enough that dynamical scattering effects can be ignored.

Conformational Transitions in Escherichia coli Ribosomal RNAs as Visualized by Dedicated STEM

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
J.S. Wall ◽  
V. Maridiyan ◽  
S. Tumminia ◽  
J. Hairifeld ◽  
M. Boublik
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Conformational Transitions ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Ribosomal Rnas ◽  
Field Mode ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Low Ionic Strength

The high contrast in the dark-field mode of dedicated STEM, specimen deposition by the wet film technique and low radiation dose (1 e/Å2) at -160°C make it possible to obtain high resolution images of unstained freeze-dried macromolecules with minimal structural distortion. Since the image intensity is directly related to the local projected mass of the specimen it became feasible to determine the molecular mass and mass distribution within individual macromolecules and from these data to calculate the linear density (M/L) and the radii of gyration.2 This parameter (RQ), reflecting the three-dimensional structure of the macromolecular particles in solution, has been applied to monitor the conformational transitions in E. coli 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs in solutions of various ionic strength.In spite of the differences in mass (550 kD and 1050 kD, respectively), both 16S and 23S RNA appear equally sensitive to changes in buffer conditions. In deionized water or conditions of extremely low ionic strength both appear as filamentous structures (Fig. la and 2a, respectively) possessing a major backbone with protruding branches which are more frequent and more complex in 23S RNA (Fig. 2a).

Methods for making stereoslides and -prints, with freeze-etched olfactory epithelium as example

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 704-705
Author(s):  
Bert Ph. M. Menco ◽  
Ido F. Menco ◽  
Frans L.T. Verdonk
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Freezing Method ◽  
Respiratory Epithelia ◽  
Three Dimensional Presentation

Previously we presented an extensive study of the distributions of intramembranous particles of structures in apical surfaces of nasal olfactory and respiratory epithelia of the Sprague-Dawley rat. For the same structures these distributions were compared in samples which were i) chemically fixed and cryo-protected with glycerol before cryo-fixation, after excision, and ii)ultra-rapidly frozen by means of the slam-freezing method. Since a three-dimensional presentation markedly improves visualization of structural features micrographs were presented as stereopairs. Two exposures were made by tiling the sample stage of the electron microscope 6° in either direction with an eucentric goniometer. The negatives (Agfa Pan 25 Professional) were reversed with Kodak Technical Pan Film 2415 developed in D76 1:1. The prints were made from these reversed negatives. As an example tight-junctional features of an olfactory supporting cell in a region where this cell conjoined with two other cells are presented (Fig. 1).

Construction of plastic contact deformation maps on ceramics: a case study on aluminum nitride

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
D. L. Callahan
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Aluminum Nitride ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bright Field Image ◽  
Perfectly Plastic ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Deformation Patterns

Modern polishing, precision machining and microindentation techniques allow the processing and mechanical characterization of ceramics at nanometric scales and within entirely plastic deformation regimes. The mechanical response of most ceramics to such highly constrained contact is not predictable from macroscopic properties and the microstructural deformation patterns have proven difficult to characterize by the application of any individual technique. In this study, TEM techniques of contrast analysis and CBED are combined with stereographic analysis to construct a three-dimensional microstructure deformation map of the surface of a perfectly plastic microindentation on macroscopically brittle aluminum nitride.The bright field image in Figure 1 shows a lg Vickers microindentation contained within a single AlN grain far from any boundaries. High densities of dislocations are evident, particularly near facet edges but are not individually resolvable. The prominent bend contours also indicate the severity of plastic deformation. Figure 2 is a selected area diffraction pattern covering the entire indentation area.

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