scholarly journals Normative Static Grip Strength of Saudi Arabia’s Population and Influences of Numerous Factors on Grip Strength

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1647
Author(s):  
Abdalla Alrashdan ◽  
Atef M. Ghaleb ◽  
Malek Almobarek
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Strength Data ◽  
Hand Area

Most daily tasks require exerting static grip strength which can be challenging for the elderly as their strength diminishes with age. Moreover, normative static grip strength data are important in ergonomics and clinical settings. The goal of this study is to present the gender, age-specific, hand-specific, and body-mass-index-specific handgrip strength reference of Saudi males and females in order to describe the population’s occupational demand and to compare them with the international standards. The secondary objective is to investigate the effects of gender, age group, hand area, and body mass index on the grip strength. A sample of 297 (146 male and 151 female) volunteers aged between 18 and 70 with different occupations participated in the study. Grip strength data were collected using a Jamar dynamometer with standard test position, protocol, and instructions. The mean maximum voluntary grip strength values for males were 38.71 kg and 22.01 kg, respectively. There was a curvilinear relationship of grip strength to age; significant differences between genders, hand area, and some age groups; and a correlation to hand dimensions depending on the gender.

scholarly journals Normative data for handgrip strength in Iranian healthy children and adolescents aged 7–18 years: comparison with international norms

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajjad Rostamzadeh ◽  
Mahnaz Saremi ◽  
Alireza Abouhossein ◽  
Shahram Vosoughi ◽  
Johan F. M. Molenbroek
Keyword(s):  
Grip Strength ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Hand Dynamometer ◽  
Upward Slope ◽  
Age Range

Abstract Background Grip strength is an essential component of physical fitness. The objective of this study was to develop normative handgrip strength data for Iranian healthy boys and girls comparing their handgrip strength with international reference values. Methods Handgrip strength was measured in 2637 healthy children/adolescents (1391 boys and 1246 girls), aged 7–18 years, using a standard adjustable Jamar hand dynamometer (Model 5030 J1, Sammons Preston Rolyan, Bolingbrook, IL, USA). Body mass (kg) and stature (cm) were measured and body mass index was computed in kg/m2. The sample was stratified by gender, age, and hand preference. Results Handgrip strength increased with age and was considerably higher in boys than in girls for all age groups (p < 0.001). Grip strength had a parallel and linear growth for both genders until the age of about 11 years and showed a steeper upward slope in boys than in girls thereafter. The findings of the current investigation were significantly different from those of the previously published normative data, especially for boys over the age of 12 years and girls in the age range of 7–18 years (p < 0.001). This difference was mainly in such a way that the Iranians had lower handgrip strength. Conclusions The differences between present results and those of similar available in the literature in this field emphasize the significant role of using normative data specific to a particular population in research or clinical settings.

Anemia in Two Groups of Elderly (65–79 and >/=80) Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 3719-3719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Woodman ◽  
Behin H. Yektashenas ◽  
Min Fu ◽  
Mark A. Klausner ◽  
William M. McClellan
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Creatinine Clearance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
P Value ◽  
Baseline Characteristic ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Calculated Creatinine Clearance

Abstract Background: Anemia in the elderly is a common, well recognized, complication of CKD and is receiving increased attention due to the adverse impact on heart failure and accompanying mortality. Presumably a result of a high proportion of accompanying co-morbidities, anemia in the elderly has frequently been reported as multifactorial or due to anemia of chronic disease (ACD). Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and clinical features of concurrent non-renal causes of anemia in two groups of elderly (65–79 years (y) and >/=80y) patients (pts) with CKD not on dialysis. Methods: A subset analysis was conducted on data from a large, prospective, cross-sectional survey of 237 outpatient clinics comparing elderly pts aged 65–79y and >/=80y with anemia due to CKD to same age non-anemic pts as well as younger (<65y) anemic pts. Anemia was defined as Hb </=12 g/dL in both men and women. Results: A total of 2411 (46%) pts 65–79y (mean age 73.0 ± 4.2; 54% women; 20.0% black) and 969 (19%) >/=80y (mean age 84.9 ± 3.7; 59% women; 12.5% black) were evaluated and compared to 1842 (35%) pts <65y (mean age 53.2 ± 9.3 49.7% women; 31.9% black). The prevalence of anemia (65–79y, 46.9% >/=80y, 48.4%, and <65y, 48.3%) was similar in all three groups including the subset with severe anemia (Hb </=10 g/dL) (65–79y, 9.0% >/=80y, 7.5% vs. <65y, 9.4%). Mean Hb in anemic pts (65–79y, 10.8 ± 0.92 >/=80y, 10.9 ± 0.94 and <65, 10.8 ± 0.94 g/dL) was almost identical in all age groups. The most common cause of CKD in anemic adults aged <65y and 65–79y was diabetes. In contrast, for pts >/=80y, hypertension was most commonly observed as the main cause. Serum creatinine was significantly lower in pts 65–79y and >/=80y compared to those <65y even though both groups of elderly pts had a significantly lower calculated creatinine clearance due to a lower body mass index (table). Regardless of anemia severity, ACE inhibitor usage was comparable among all age groups assessed. The proportion of anemic CKD pts with iron deficiency (65–79y, 11.2% >/=80y, 12.6% vs <65y, 11.7%), B12 (65–79y, 2.12% >/=80y, 3.41% vs <65y, 1.57%) or folate (65–79y, 0.18% >/=80y, 0.21% vs <65y, 0.56%) deficiencies either alone or in combination was similar across all age groups. ACD prevalence (ferritin >100 ng/dL & serum iron <60 mcg/dL) was similar in all three groups (65–79y, 22.2% >/=80y, 25.4% vs <65y, 22.1%) and there was also no difference in mean baseline ferritin values in anemic patients of any age group (65–79y, 154.1 ± 193.0 >/=80y, 159.2 ± 223.0 vs <65y, 161.3 ± 173.0 ng/mL). Pts >/=80y had a greater number of co-morbidities versus younger adults. Conclusions: The prevalence and severity of anemia in elderly CKD pts including octogenarians is similar to younger pts. ACD and nutrient deficiencies were comparable across all age groups suggesting that in elderly anemic CKD pts (aged 65–79y and >/=80y) multifactorial causes of anemia are not more prevalent than in younger CKD pts. Table 1 Baseline Characteristic (Least squares mean ± SD) <65 years 65–79 years >/=80 years p-value Calculated Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) 49.2 ± 22.5 37.0 ± 14.6 27.0 ± 9.8 p< .0001 for both Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) 2.4 ± 1.1 2.2 ± 0.8 2.0 ± 0.7 p< .0001 for both Body Mass Index (kg/m2) 32.3 ± 8.6 29.9 ± 6.5 26.2 ± 6.2 p< .0001 for both Mean Baseline Hb (g/dL) 10.8 ± 0.94 10.8 ± 0.92 10.9 ± 0.94 not significant

scholarly journals Association among handgrip strength, body mass index and decline in cognitive function among the elderly women

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Su-min Jeong ◽  
Seulggie Choi ◽  
Kyuwoong Kim ◽  
Sung Min Kim ◽  
Sujin Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
The Elderly

scholarly journals Body mass index and relative handgrip strength are associated with the prevalence of hypertension in Korean elderly: Korean national fitness assessment in 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Ji Young Kim ◽  
Hun-Young Park ◽  
Jisu Kim ◽  
Kiwon Lim
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Fitness Assessment ◽  
Old Men ◽  
Korean Elderly

[Purpose] This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of hypertension according to the body mass index (BMI) and relative handgrip strength (RHGS) among elderly individuals in Korea. [Methods] We analyzed the data of 44,183 Korean elderly individuals over 65 years old (men: n = 15,798, age = 73.31 ± 5.04 years, women: n = 28,385, age = 72.14 ± 5.04 years) obtained from the Korean National Fitness Assessment in 2019. All the participants were categorized into three groups according to the BMI and RHGS; additionally, one-way ANOVA and logistic regression analysis were performed. [Results] Overweight (men: 1.16 odds ratio [OR] 1.06–1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]; women: 1.15 OR, 1.07–1.23 95% CI) and obese (men: 1.54 OR, 1.42–1.66 95% CI; women: 1.44 OR, 1.36–1.53 95% CI) elderly individuals showed a higher prevalence of hypertension than elderly individuals with normal weight, after controlling for age. In men, a lower RHGS was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension after controlling for age (weak RHGS: 1.09 OR, 1.00–1.17 95% CI; middle RHGS: 1.21 OR, 1.12–1.31 95% CI vs. strong RHGS). [Conclusion] A higher BMI was associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the elderly Korean population. In addition, a lower RHGS was associated with the prevalence of hypertension in elderly Korean men.

scholarly journals Association between body mass index and the risk of atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke according to age: a nationwide population-based cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H J Ahn ◽  
S R Lee ◽  
E K Choi ◽  
K D Han ◽  
S I Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) and ischemic stroke (IS) are two significant cardiovascular diseases that confer an enormous healthcare burden. A limited study comprehensively evaluated the association between full ranges of body mass index (BMI), including underweight, and AF or IS risks, especially in the different age subgroups. Purpose We investigated the association between BMI and AF and IS incidence according to the Korean population's age groups. Methods This was a nationwide population-based cohort study using data from the Korea National Health Insurance Service, including 9 194 477 healthy adults who underwent a medical examination in 2009. We stratified the study population into three age subgroups: age 20–39 (young, 33.1%), age 40–64 (middle-aged, 56.3%), and age over 65 years (elderly, 10.6%). In each age group, the individuals were categorized based on BMI (kg/m2) into underweight (&lt;18.5), normal (18.5 to &lt;23), overweight (23 to &lt;25), obese I (25 to &lt;30), and obese II (≥30). The first occurrences of AF and IS were followed up until December 31, 2018. According to BMI in each age group, the risks of AF and IS were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression with 95% confidence intervals (CI) by adjusting age, sex, lifestyle behaviors, and comorbidities. Results Overall, both underweight and higher BMI were associated with an increased risk of AF and stroke across all age groups. The increased risk of AF for patients with obese II was slightly accentuated compared to patients with normal BMI in the young population than elderly population (hazard ratio [HR] 1.78, 95% CI 1.63–1.94 for age 20–39 years; HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.48–1.61 for age ≥65 years, respectively). For underweight individuals, however, the increased risk of AF became more prominent in the elderly: HR and 95% CI was 1.12 (1.07–1.17) in the age over 65 years old, and 1.05 (0.94–1.16) in the age 20–39. Regarding IS, the young group presented a considerable increment in the magnitude of HRs in both underweight and higher BMI groups. However, the association between the BMI and stroke risk became attenuated in the elderly: HRs and 95% CI in underweight and obese II individuals were 1.10 (0.93–1.30) and 2.223 (1.99–2.49) in the age 20–39 group, whereas 0.97 (0.93–1.01) and 1.03 (0.98–1.08) in the age over 65 years old. Conclusions Underweight as well as obesity was associated with increased risks of AF and IS in the general population. In both AF and IS, the gradient of risks according to BMI was apparent at young ages; thus, maintaining normal body weight should be warranted in early life. An interplay of several factors other than BMI may contribute to ischemic stroke in the old ages, requiring integrated risk management in older patients. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Abstract 13944: J Relationship of Body Mass Index of 22-year Cardiovascular Disease Mortality versus Body Mass Index

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
William J Kostis ◽  
Javier Cabrera ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
Sara J Guterl ◽  
Dhammika Amaratunga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Systolic Hypertension ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Linear Term ◽  
Quadratic Term ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Cv Disease

Introduction: J relationships of body mass index (BMI) with mortality have been described. However, little data are available on long-term follow-up in controlled clinical trials with respect to cardiovascular (CV) and all cause mortality. Hypothesis: We tested whether there is a J shape relationship between BMI with CV and all cause mortality at 22 years in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). Methods: SHEP was a placebo controlled, randomized clinical trial of antihypertensive therapy in patients with isolated systolic hypertension aged 60 and older. The relationship between CV and all cause mortality with baseline BMI was examined in 4,211 SHEP participants. Results: In unadjusted analyses, a J relationship was observed for all-cause mortality (linear term p=0.0318, quadratic term p=0.3217 and tricubic term p=0.0046) and for CV mortality (linear term p=0.0962, quadratic term p=0.6866 and tricubic term p=0.0908, left figure). The lowest risk was at a BMI of 25.9 for all-cause and 25.5 for CV mortality. The J shaped relationship between BMI and mortality was attenuated after adjustment for age, gender, comorbidities (e.g. diabetes, heart failure) and risk factors for CV disease (e.g. smoking and dyslipidemia, right figure). Age and gender were significant predictors of both all- cause and CV mortality: age p<0.0001, female gender p=0.0063 for all-cause mortality and p<0.0001 for age and p=0.0004 for female gender for CV mortality. <br/Conclusions: This study indicates that both very low and very high BMI are markers of high risk. The J relationship between BMI and mortality is mediated by age, female gender, comorbidities and risk factors for CV disease.

Abstract 15380: Association of Change in Body Mass Index With Premature Atrial Contractions Frequency and Atrial Fibrillation in Older Age: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Decker ◽  
Wendy Wang ◽  
Faye L Norby ◽  
Romil Parikh ◽  
Jorge L Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽  
Aging Adults ◽  
Aric Study ◽  
Multivariable Adjustment ◽  
Adjustment Table

Introduction: The proportions of obese and aging adults are rapidly growing. While obesity and advancing age are associated with atrial fibrillation (AF), data are limited on weight change in the elderly as a risk factor for premature atrial contractions (PACs)—which are known to precede AF—or AF. Hypothesis: Compared to a stable body mass index (BMI) over time, increasing BMI will be associated with a higher PAC frequency and AF in elderly participants in ARIC. Methods: We included N=2,070 ARIC participants [age mean ± SD 79 ± 4.5 years, 59% female] without known AF who attended visit 6 and wore an ambulatory ECG-monitoring device (Zio XT® Patch, iRhythm Technologies Inc.) for ≥48 hours. BMI change was defined as change between V5 (2011-13) and V6 (2016-17) and was categorized into 4 groups: >10% decrease, 2 to 10% decrease, -2 to 2% change (stable BMI) and > 2% increase. PAC frequency was defined as percent of beats that are PACs. Linear regression was used to evaluate the association between BMI change and % PAC. Incident AF was ascertained after V6 through 2018 from hospital discharge codes and death certificates. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between BMI change and incident AF. Results: Median PACs per hour were 8.84. Participants with >2% BMI increase had 0.35% (95% CI: 0.06%-0.64%) higher frequency of PACs compared to those with stable BMI after multivariable adjustment (Table). After a mean (SD) follow-up of 19 (7) months, there were 82 incident AF cases. Compared to stable BMI, both >2% BMI increase and 2 to 10% decrease were nonsignificantly associated with higher odds of AF compared with stable BMI after multivariable adjustment (Table). Conclusion: Increasing BMI in the elderly is associated with higher PAC frequency and is nonsignificantly associated with higher odds of AF compared to stable BMI. This finding suggests that weight management, which is currently emphasized in middle age, may also apply in late-life to prevent atrial arrhythmias.

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