Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Chongqing, China, 2009–2016

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the major trans-boundary animal diseases in East Africa causing economic loss to farmers and other stakeholders in the livestock industry. Foot-and-mouth disease occurs widely in both Uganda and Tanzania with annual outbreaks recorded. With the recent introduction of the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD control (PCP-FMD) in eastern Africa, knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of FMD at the border area between Uganda and Tanzania is helpful in framing engagement with the initial stages of the PCP. Retrospective data collected between 2011 and 2016 from four districts located along the border areas of Uganda and Tanzania, recorded 23 and 59 FMD outbreaks, respectively, for the entire study period. Analysis showed that 46% of the 82 recorded outbreaks occurred in 20% of sub-counties and wards immediately neighbouring the Uganda–Tanzania border and 69.5% of the outbreaks occurred during the dry months. While the serotypes of the FMD virus responsible for most outbreaks reported in this region were not known, previous research reported South African Territory (SAT) 1, SAT 2 and O to be the serotypes in circulation. The results from this study provide evidence of the endemic status of FMD on the Uganda–Tanzania border and emphasise that the border area should be given due consideration during FMD control drives and that cross-border coordination should be prioritised. With the limited data on circulating serotypes in this area, there is a need for more vigilance on FMD case detection, laboratory diagnostic confirmation and provision of more complete documentation of outbreaks. This work further recommends more studies on cross-border livestock movement coupled with phylogenetics in order to understand the spread of the FMD in the border area.

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Corrigendum: Spatial and temporal distribution of foot-and-mouth disease in four districts situated along the Uganda–Tanzania border: Implications for cross-border efforts in disease control

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v85i1.1716 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Susan D. Kerfua ◽

Gabriel Shirima ◽

Lughano Kusiluka ◽

Chrisostom Ayebazibwe ◽

Robert Mwebe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Control ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽

Cross Border ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Epidemiological study on hand, foot and mouth disease in Tongzhou District, Beijing, 2013–2017

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/0300060519841974 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 2615-2625 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xiao-Feng Liu ◽

Xiu-Mei Sun ◽

Xiao-Wei Sun ◽

Yu-Qing Yang ◽

Cong-Hui Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate ◽

Local Population ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Migrant Population ◽

Enterovirus A71 ◽

Tongzhou District ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Tongzhou District, Beijing between 2013 and 2017. Methods Data on HFMD infections from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2017 were collected from the Notifiable Infectious Diseases Reporting Information System and analysed. Serotyping of enteroviruses from samples from patients with HFMD was undertaken using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Results A total of 15 341 patients with HFMD were reported and 32 patients (0.2%) were classified as having severe HFMD. The annual mean incidence rate of HFMD was 219.3/100 000 of the general population. The incidence and case-severity rates of HFMD generally decreased between 2013 and 2017. In the floating migrant population, the incidence and cases-severity rates of HFMD were significantly higher than in the local population. The peak incidence and severity-case rates were at 2 years of age and > 90% of patients were ≤5 years. Enterovirus A71 and Coxsackievirus A16 were the predominant pathogens in 2013–2017. Conclusions During the 5-year period 2013–2017, the incidence rate and case-severity rate of HFMD generally decreased in Tongzhou District, Beijing. The floating migrant population and children ≤5 years of age were at the highest risk of HFMD.

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Severe hand, foot and mouth disease in Shenzhen, South China: what matters most?

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268813001453 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 142 (4) ◽

pp. 776-788 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. MOU ◽

M. DAWES ◽

Y. LI ◽

Y. HE ◽

H. MA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Early Use ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Report Data ◽

Local Residents ◽

Matched Case ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics ◽

Matched Case Control Study ◽

Control Study

SUMMARYCase report data and a matched case-control study were used to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children in Shenzhen, China between 2008 and 2011. Multivariate analyses were used to evaluate factors associated with severity of infection. Laboratory tests were performed to determine aetiological identification for samples from 163 severe and fatal cases as well as an outpatient-based HFMD sentinel surveillance system (n = 446). All identified EV71 belonged to sub-genotype C4a. No major changes in the CA16 and EV71 viruses were found until the end of 2011. Annual attack rates and the case-severity ratios (CSRs) rose from 0·82/1000 and 0·56/1000, respectively, in 2008 to 2·12/1000 and 6·13/1000 in 2011. The CSR was higher in migrants than in local residents. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of having a severe attack for being a migrant was 2·45, having a fever >39°C (OR 5·77), visiting a private clinic (OR 2·65), longer time from symptom onset to diagnosis (OR 1·49), visiting a doctor (OR 1·51), early use of intramuscular pyrazolone (OR 3·36), early use of intravenous glucocorticoids (OR 2·28), or the combination of both (OR 3·75). The mortality and increasing case severity appears to be associated with socioeconomic factors including migration and is of worldwide concern.

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