scholarly journals Carcinogenic Potency of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to the Particle Fraction Size

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordana Pehnec ◽  
Ivana Jakovljević
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Particle Fraction ◽  
Carcinogenic Potency ◽  
Equivalence Factor ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Individual Pahs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are bound to particulate matter can have adverse effects on human health. Particle size plays an important role in assessing health risks. The aim of this study was to compare concentrations of PAHs bound to particle fractions PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, as well as to estimate their carcinogenic potency and relative contributions of the individual PAHs to the carcinogenic potency in relation to the size of the particle. Measurements of ten PAHs were carried out in 2014 at an urban location in the northern part of Zagreb, Croatia. 24-h samples of the PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 particle fraction were collected over forty days per season. Carcinogenic potency of PAHs was estimated by calculating benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentrations while using three different toxic equivalence factor (TEF) schemes. The total carcinogenic potency (TCP) and percentage contributions differed significantly depending on the TEF scheme used. The lowest PAH mass concentrations and TCPs were in summer and the highest in winter. The contributions of individual PAHs to the sum of PAH mass concentrations remained similar in all fractions and seasons, while in fractions PM10–2.5 and PM2.5–1 they varied significantly. Road traffic represented the important source of PAHs in all fractions and throughout all seasons. Other sources (wood and biomass burning, petroleum combustion) were also present, especially during winter as a consequence of household heating. The highest contribution to the TCP came from benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(ah)antrachene, indeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene (together between 87% and 96%) in all fractions and seasons. In all cases, BaP showed the highest contribution to the TCP regardless relatively low contributions to the mass of total PAHs and it can be considered as a good representative for assessing the carcinogenicity of the PAH mixture. When comparing the TCP of PAHs in PM10 and PM2.5 fractions, it was found that about 21–26% of carcinogenic potency of the PAH mixture belonged to the PM2.5 fraction. Comparison of TCP in PM2.5 and PM1 showed that about 86% of carcinogenic potency belonged to the PM1 fraction, regardless of the TEF scheme used.

scholarly journals The Composition of Cigarette Smoke. An Historical Perspective of Several Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 384-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Rodgman ◽  
LC Cook
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cigarette Mainstream Smoke

AbstractBecause of the significant advancements in fractionation, analytical, and characterization technologies since the early 1960s, hundreds of components of complex mixtures have been accurately characterized without the necessity of actually isolating the individual component. This has been particularly true in the case of the complex mixtures tobacco and tobacco smoke. Herein, an historical account of a mid-1950 situation concerning polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cigarette smoke is presented. While the number of PAHs identified in tobacco smoke has escalated from the initial PAH, azulene, identified in 1947 to almost 100 PAHs identified by late 1963 to more than 500 PAHs identified by the late 1970s, the number of PAHs isolated individually and characterized by several of the so-called classical chemical means (melting point, mixture melting point, derivative preparation and properties) in the mid-1950s and since is relatively few, 14 in all. They were among 44 PAHs identified in cigarette mainstream smoke and included the following PAHs ranging from bicyclic to pentacyclic: Acenaphthylene, 1,2-dihydroacenaphthylene, anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, dibenz[a, h]anthracene, fluoranthene, 9H-fluorene, naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. One of them, benzo[a]pyrene, was similarly characterized in another study in 1959 by Hoffmann.

scholarly journals CRYSTALLINE AND HETEROCYCLYC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS IN GEORGIAN PETROLEUM

World Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natela Khetsuriani ◽  
Vladimer Tsitsishvili ◽  
Elza Topuria ◽  
Irina Mchedlishvili ◽  
Zaza Molodinashvili
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Oil Wells ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time ◽  
Individual Composition

The individual composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been studied in high boiling (340–590°) fractions of Norio oil (wells 200, 201) which are characterized by high content of aromatic hydrocarbons and high intensity fluorescence. The eluates obtained by adsorption fractionation of aromatic hydrocarbons separated by aniline and concentrates of their crystalline components have been studied by GC, MS and GC-MS methods. For analysis of the obtained data an automated system of mass deconvolution and identification (AMDIS) was used. In the eluates under investigation the following structures were identified: indenes, tetralines, dinaphtilbenzenes, naphthalenes, fluorenes, phenantrenes, antracenes, mono- and polyalkyl derivatives ofnaphtofluorene and phenantrene, and terpeniles. In crystal samples of the eluates the banzantracene, chrizene, their methyl-, dimethyl and trymethylanaloges, phenantrene derivatives, antracenes and pyrenes were identified. The heterocyclic analogues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons likemethylbenzoanthracenes, benzonaphthothiophenes, benzocarbazoles and dibenzthiophene were identified in Georgian oils for the first time.

scholarly journals Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Hypogymnia Physodes (L.)Nyl. thalli and changes to morphological structure / Kumulacja wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych w plechach Hypogymnia physodes (L.)Nyl. i zmiany w ich budowie morfologicznej

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Anna Jóźwiak
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Hypogymnia Physodes ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Abstract Apart from widely known anthropogenic pollutants as SO2, NOx, CO2, CO, there are another dangerous substances emitted to the air named polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In the air they occur in a form of vapours and aerosols deposited on dust particles of 10 μm (PM 10) and 2.5 μm (PM 2.5) in diameter. In cities, the air polluted by gases and atmospheric particulate was analysed using special automatic or semi-automatic equipment or analytic procedures. That is why a powerful development of bioanalytical techniques based on using organisms as bioindicators is observed in recent years. The lichens are the most frequently used organisms in bioindication. The purpose of this research is to evaluate air pollution by PAHs in urban agglomeration with the use of Hypogymnia physodes (L.)Nyl. The research was performed in two hundred thousand occupants in south-east Poland in 2004-2007. The lichens placed on tree branches of 30 cm on 4 crossroads, and the 3 branches were put in each research point. Before starting the exposition, the “O” sample had been collected that had been stored in a closed container before chemical analysis. The exposition period lasted for 3 months. Then PAHs were determined in collected lichens. The analysis was performed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), LiChrosper (TM) column 100 RP - 18, UV detector; λ = 254 nm. The concentration was expressed in mg/kg of dry mass that is after deducting PAH value determined in “O” sample. The analysis of obtained results showed diverse concentration of the pollution in the analysed crossroads depending on the road traffic density and season. PAH concentrations were determined from 0.61 mg·kg-1 d.m. in the 1st quarter of 2004 to 2.56 mg·kg-1 d.m. in the 1st quarter of 2006, and from 0.48 mg·kg-1 d.m. in the 4th quarter of 2004 to 2.22 mg·kg-1 d.m. in the 4th quarter of 2006. Meteorological conditions influence the concentration of PAHs in lichens. The atmospheric precipitation contributed to the decrease of PAHs concentration in the air by scavenging the pollution with atmospheric particulate. The regression line amounted to y = 1.91759 - 0.00674 · x, at the confidence interval equal to p = 0.0308. A relation between the PAH concentration and air relative humidity turned out to be the most essential correlation. This relation indicates that the concentration of PAHs in the lichens increases with an increase of humidity. The line regression amounted to y = -1.04196 + 0.02897 · x, at the confidence interval equal to p = 0.0505.

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