Analysis of Epidemiological Characteristics of Scarlet Fever in Zhejiang Province, China, 2004–2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the trends and epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever in Zhejiang Province in 2004–2018, intending to provide a basis for targeted prevention and control of this disease. Method: We collated the epidemiological data for cases of scarlet fever from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP) in Zhejiang province between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2018. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever, whereas the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic was used to determine the hotspot incidence of scarlet fever. Results: In 2004–2018, a total of 22,194 cases of scarlet fever were reported in Zhejiang Province, with no death reports. The annual average of scarlet fever incidence was 2.82/100,000 (range,1.12 to 6.34/100,000). The male incidence was higher than that among female (χ2 = 999.834, p < 0.05), and a majority of the cases (86.42%) occurred in children aged 3–9 years. Each year, the incidence of scarlet fever in Zhejiang Province appeared two seasonal peaks: the first peak occurred from March to June (the constituent ratio was 49.06%), the second peak was lower than the first one during November and the following January (the constituent ratio was 28.67%). The two peaks were almost in accordance with the school spring semester and autumn–winter semester, respectively. The incidence in the northern regions of the province was generally higher than that in the southern regions. High-value clusters were detected in the central and northern regions, while low-value clusters occurred in the southern regions via the Getis-Ord Gi* statistical analysis. Conclusions: The prevalence of scarlet fever in Zhejiang Province showed a marked seasonality variation and mainly clustered in the central and northern regions in 2004–2018. Children under 15 years of age were most susceptible to scarlet fever. Kindergartens and primary schools should be the focus of prevention and control, and targeted strategies and measures should be taken to reduce the incidence.

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Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-019-4705-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Huijie Chen ◽

Ye Chen ◽

Baijun Sun ◽

Lihai Wen ◽

Xiangdong An

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Scarlet Fever ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Hot Spot ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Control Measures ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background Since 2011, there has been an increase in the incidence of scarlet fever across China. The main objective of this study was to depict the spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China, in 2018 so as to provide the scientific basis for effective strategies of scarlet control and prevention. Methods Excel 2010 was used to demonstrate the temporal distribution at the month level and ArcGIS10.3 was used to demonstrate the spatial distribution at the district/county level. Moran’s autocorrelation coefficient was used to examine the spatial autocorrelation and the Getis-Ord statistic was used to determine the hot-spot areas of scarlet fever. Results A total of 2314 scarlet fever cases were reported in Shenyang in 2018 with an annual incidence of 31.24 per 100,000. The incidence among males was higher than that among females(p<0.001). A vast majority of the cases (96.89%) were among children aged 3 to 11 years. The highest incidence was 625.34/100,000 in children aged 5–9 years. In 2018 there were two seasonal peaks of scarlet fever in June (summer-peak) and December (winter-peak). The incidence of scarlet fever in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas(p<0.001). The incidence of scarlet fever was randomly distributed in Shenyang. There are hotspot areas located in seven districts. Conclusions Urban areas are the hot spots of scarlet fever and joint prevention and control measures between districts should be applied. Children aged 3–11 are the main source of scarlet fever and therefore the introduction of prevention and control into kindergarten and primary schools may be key to the control of scarlet fever epidemics.

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Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang , China

10.21203/rs.2.10104/v4 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Huijie Chen ◽

Ye Chen ◽

Baijun Sun ◽

Lihai Wen ◽

Xiangdong An

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Scarlet Fever ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Hot Spot ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Control Measures ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: Since 2011, there has been an increase in the incidence of scarlet fever across China. The main objective of this study was to depict the spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China, in 2018 so as to provide the scientific basis for effective strategies of scarlet control and prevention. Methods: Excel 2010 was used to demonstrate the temporal distribution at the month level and ArcGIS10.3 was used to demonstrate the spatial distribution at the district/county level. Moran’s autocorrelation coefficient was used to examine the spatial autocorrelation and the Getis-Ord statistic was used to determine the hot-spot areas of scarlet fever. Results: A total of 2,314 scarlet fever cases were reported in Shenyang in 2018 with an annual incidence of 31.24 per 100,000. The incidence among males was higher than that among females（p＜0.001). A vast majority of the cases (96.89%) were among children aged 3 to 11 years. The highest incidence was 625.34/100,000 in children aged 5-9 years. In 2018 there were two seasonal peaks of scarlet fever in June (summer-peak) and December (winter-peak).The incidence of scarlet fever in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas(p＜0.001).The incidence of scarlet fever was randomly distributed in Shenyang. There are hotspot areas located in seven districts. Conclusions: Urban areas are the hot spots of scarlet fever and joint prevention and control measures between districts should be applied. Children aged 3-11 are the main source of scarlet fever and therefore the introduction of prevention and control into kindergarten and primary schools may be key to the control of scarlet fever epidemics.

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Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang City, China

10.21203/rs.2.10104/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Huijie Chen ◽

Ye Chen ◽

Baijun Sun ◽

Lihai Wen ◽

Xiangdong An

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Hot Spots ◽

Scarlet Fever ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Hot Spot ◽

Control Measures ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Objectives: To depict the Spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China, in 2018 so as to provide the scientific basis for effective strategies of scarlet control and prevention. Methods: Excel 2010 was used to demonstrate the temporal distribution at the month level and ArcGIS10.3 was used to demonstrate the spatial distribution at the district/county level. Moran’s autocorrelation coefficient was used to examine the spatial autocorrelation and the Getis-Ord statistic was used to determine the hot-spot areas of scarlet fever. Results: A total of 2,314 scarlet fever cases were reported in Shenyang in 2018 with an annual incidence of 31.24 per 100,000. The incidence among males was higher than that among females(X2=95.013, P≤0.001). A vast majority of the cases (96.89%) were among children aged 3 to 11 years. The highest incidence was 625.34/100,000 in children aged 5-9 years. There are two seasonal peaks occurred in June (Summer-peak) and in December (Winter-peak) in 2018. The incidence of scarlet fever in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas(X2=514.115, P≤0.001).The incidence of scarlet fever was randomly distributed in Shenyang. There are hot-spots areas located in seven districts. Conclusions: Urban areas are the hot spots of scarlet fever and joint prevention and control measures between districts should be applied. Children in the kindergartens and the primary school students are the main population of scarlet fever and the time distribution of scarlet fever is highly consistent with their school and vacation time. It is suggested that measure for prevention and control of scarlet fever in kindergartens and primary schools is the key to control the epidemic of scarlet fever.

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Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang , China

10.21203/rs.2.10104/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Huijie Chen ◽

Ye Chen ◽

Baijun Sun ◽

Lihai Wen ◽

Xiangdong An

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Scarlet Fever ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Hot Spot ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Control Measures ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background : Since 2011, the rising incidence of scarlet fever has exerted a marked influence on people. The main objective of this study was to depict the Spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of scarlet fever in Shenyang, China, in 2018 so as to provide the scientific basis for effective strategies of scarlet control and prevention. Methods: Excel 2010 was used to demonstrate the temporal distribution at the month level and ArcGIS10.3 was used to demonstrate the spatial distribution at the district/county level. Moran’s autocorrelation coefficient was used to examine the spatial autocorrelation and the Getis-Ord statistic was used to determine the hot-spot areas of scarlet fever. Results: A total of 2,314 scarlet fever cases were reported in Shenyang in 2018 with an annual incidence of 31.24 per 100,000. The incidence among males was higher than that among females（ p ＜0.001). A vast majority of the cases (96.89%) were among children aged 3 to 11 years. The highest incidence was 625.34/100,000 in children aged 5-9 years. There are two seasonal peaks occurred in June (Summer-peak) and in December (Winter-peak) in 2018. The incidence of scarlet fever in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas( p ＜0.001).The incidence of scarlet fever was randomly distributed in Shenyang. There are hotspot areas located in seven districts. Conclusions: Urban areas are the hot spots of scarlet fever and joint prevention and control measures between districts should be applied. Children in the kindergartens and the primary schools are the main population of scarlet fever and measures for prevention and control in kindergartens and primary schools may be the key to control the epidemic of scarlet fever.

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Study of Risk Factors for Total Attack Rate and Transmission Dynamics of Norovirus Outbreaks, Jiangsu Province, China, From 2012 to 2018

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.786096 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Jing Ai ◽

Yuanzhao Zhu ◽

Jianguang Fu ◽

Xiaoqing Cheng ◽

Xuefeng Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Attack Rate ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Jiangsu Province ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The Mean ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in Jiangsu Province, utilize the total attack rate (TAR) and transmissibility (Runc) as the measurement indicators of the outbreak, and a statistical difference in risk factors associated with TAR and transmissibility was compared. Ultimately, this study aimed to provide scientific suggestions to develop the most appropriate prevention and control measures.Method: We collected epidemiological data from investigation reports of all norovirus outbreaks in Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2018 and performed epidemiological descriptions, sequenced the genes of the positive specimens collected that were eligible for sequencing, created a database and calculated the TAR, constructed SEIAR and SEIARW transmission dynamic models to calculate Runc, and performed statistical analyses of risk factors associated with the TAR and Runc.Results: We collected a total of 206 reported outbreaks, of which 145 could be used to calculate transmissibility. The mean TAR in was 2.6% and the mean Runc was 12.2. The epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks showed an overall increasing trend in the number of norovirus outbreaks from 2012 to 2018; more outbreaks in southern Jiangsu than northern Jiangsu; more outbreaks in urban areas than in rural areas; outbreaks occurred mostly in autumn and winter. Most of the sites where outbreaks occurred were schools, especially primary schools. Interpersonal transmission accounted for the majority. Analysis of the genotypes of noroviruses revealed that the major genotypes of the viruses changed every 3 years, with the GII.2 [P16] type of norovirus dominating from 2016 to 2018. Statistical analysis of TAR associated with risk factors found statistical differences in all risk factors, including time (year, month, season), location (geographic location, type of settlement, type of premises), population (total number of susceptible people at the outbreak site), transmission route, and genotype (P < 0.05). Statistical analysis of transmissibility associated with risk factors revealed that only transmissibility was statistically different between sites.Conclusions: The number of norovirus outbreaks in Jiangsu Province continues to increase during the follow-up period. Our findings highlight the impact of different factors on norovirus outbreaks and identify the key points of prevention and control in Jiangsu Province.

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Epidemiological study of scarlet fever in Shenyang , China

10.21203/rs.2.10104/v3 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Huijie Chen ◽

Ye Chen ◽

Baijun Sun ◽

Lihai Wen ◽

Xiangdong An

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Scarlet Fever ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Hot Spot ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Control Measures ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

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Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China

10.1101/2020.02.21.20026112 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Pei Wang ◽

Jun-an Lu ◽

Yanyu Jin ◽

Mengfan Zhu ◽

Lingling Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Network Analysis ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Incubation Periods ◽

Three Stages ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

AbstractBased on publicly released data for 1212 patients, we investigated the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in Henan of China. The following findings are obtained: 1) COVID-19 patients in Henan show gender (55% vs 45%) and age (81% aged between 21 and 60) preferences, possible causes were explored; 2) Statistical analysis on 483 patients reveals that the estimated average, mode and median incubation periods are 7.4, 4 and 7 days; Incubation periods of 92% patients were no more than 14 days; 3) The epidemic of COVID-19 in Henan has undergone three stages and showed high correlations with the numbers of patients that recently return from Wuhan; 4) Network analysis on the aggregate outbreak phenomena of COVID-19 revealed that 208 cases were clustering infected, and various people’s Hospital are the main force in treating patients. The related investigations have potential implications for the prevention and control of COVID-19.

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Epidemiological Trend of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers in Zhejiang Province, China from 1953 to 2014

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15112427 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 2427 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hua Gu ◽

Congcong Yan ◽

Zhenggang Jiang ◽

Xiuyang Li ◽

Enfu Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Zhejiang Province ◽

P Value ◽

Peak Period ◽

Circular Distribution ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Background: The incidences of typhoid and paratyphoid remain high and these diseases still pose a public health problem in China and in Zhejiang Province in particular. This study aimed to investigate the trend of typhoid and paratyphoid in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014 and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of these diseases. Methods: Included in this study were compiled epidemiological data of typhoid and paratyphoid cases in Zhejiang from 1953 to 2003 and epidemiological data of those from 2004 to 2014 registered in the China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention. Description methods were employed to explore the epidemiological characteristics, including long-term trend, gender distribution, age distribution, and occupation distribution. Incidence maps were made to represent the annual average incidences for each municipality. Spearman’s rank correlation was performed to detect the correlation between incidence and average elevation, and circular distribution was calculated to identify the seasonality and peak days of the diseases. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 182,602 typhoid and paratyphoid cases were reported in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014, and the average annual incidence was 7.89 per 100,000 population. The incidence in 2014 decreased by 93.82% compared with that in 1953 and by 95.00% compared with the highest incidence rate. The average incidence before 2003 was negatively correlated with the average elevation of each region in Zhejiang province (r < 0, p < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant correlation from 2003. The peak period of diseases fell in the months from April to October every year. The incidence among the population group aged over 35 rose gradually but declined sharply among those between 20 and 34. Conclusions: The incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid decreased in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014 but remained high in some regions. Proper measures for prevention and control are warranted in the southeast coast areas and for high-risk populations.

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Brief communication (Original). Effectiveness of influenza control using nonpharmaceutical interventions at primary schools in Nakhon Phanom Province, Northeast Thailand

Asian Biomedicine ◽

10.5372/1905-7415.0803.307 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 405-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nutcharat Mangklakeree ◽

Somdej Pinitsoontorn ◽

Sompong Srisaenpang

Keyword(s):

Primary Schools ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Hand Washing ◽

Morbidity Rate ◽

Control Group ◽

Teaching Aids ◽

Influenza Prevention ◽

And Control

AbstractBackground: The world is entering the post-outbreak period of the 2009 A H1N1 strain of the influenza virus. The strain is expected to continue spreading, as seasonal influenza viruses do each year. The majority of children have relatively low immunity and engage in activities at school where opportunities abound for exposure to and spreading of diseases.Objectives: We compared the effectiveness of influenza prevention by using non-pharmaceutical measures in primary schools.Methods: This study was conducted at two medium-sized primary schools in Nakhon Phanom province, Thailand. Multistage sampling was used to select students from Grades 4 to 6. The study group consisted of 230 students from the 2 schools and the control group 224 students from the 2 schools. The research included (a) 8 h of instruction on influenza-like illnesses and their prevention integrated into health promotion and physical education classes and (b) building understanding among parents and in the community. Data were analyzed for frequencies, percentages, and multiple logistic regression.Results: Non-pharmaceutical influenza interventions reduced the rate of influenza-like illnesses by 77% (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.15"0.36). Students who did not receive the influenza-like prevention and control training had a morbidity of 54.9%; whereas those who received the training had a morbidity of 23.5%. Overall, the group receiving the educational model saw a 57% reduction in its morbidity compared with the control group. The students in the intervention group who washed their hands for 20 seconds three or more times per day had a morbidity of 38.9%, which resulted in an overall reduction in morbidity of 36.4%. The morbidity rate of students who missed school because they were ill was 39.5%. When comparing training methods, the hand-washing group saw morbidity reduced by 34.7%, while simply receiving news and information from public health officials resulted in only a 29.2% reduction in morbidity. Overall, the group receiving the disease prevention and control training was able to reduce morbidity by 58.7%.Conclusion: Influenza prevention education among students was integrated into the health education curriculum. Children were taught hand-washing and respiratory etiquette (i.e., covering the nose and face when sneezing, coughing, and nose-blowing). Cartoon media were used as visual teaching aids. The results from this program helped to decrease the number of cases of influenza-like illness and morbidity among students and families.

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Mumps epidemic in orthodox religious low-vaccination communities in the Netherlands and Canada, 2007 to 2009

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.16.41.19989-en ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 16 (41) ◽

Author(s):

C C Wielders ◽

R S van Binnendijk ◽

B E Snijders ◽

G A Tipples ◽

J Cremer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Practitioner ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Mumps Virus ◽

Data Sources ◽

Epidemic Strain ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Laboratory Confirmation ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

We assessed the epidemiological characteristics of a mumps virus epidemic (genotype D) that occurred in the Netherlands between August 2007 and May 2009 and its association with a subsequent mumps outbreak in Canada. In the Netherlands, five data sources were used: notifications (only mandatory since the end of 2008) (56 cases), laboratory confirmation data (177 cases), a sentinel general practitioner (GP) database (275 cases), hospitalisation data (29 cases) and weekly virological reports (96 cases). The median age of cases in the notification, laboratory and GP databases ranged from 13 to 15 years. The proportion of cases that were unvaccinated ranged from 65% to 85% in the notification, laboratory and GP databases. Having orthodox Protestant beliefs was the main reason for not being vaccinated. In Canada, a mumps virus strain indistinguishable from the Dutch epidemic strain was detected between February and October 2008 in an orthodox Protestant community with historical and family links to the affected community in the Netherlands, suggesting that spread to Canada had occurred. Prevention and control of vaccine-preventable diseases among population subgroups with low vaccination coverage remains a priority.

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