Epidemiological Trend of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers in Zhejiang Province, China from 1953 to 2014

Background: The incidences of typhoid and paratyphoid remain high and these diseases still pose a public health problem in China and in Zhejiang Province in particular. This study aimed to investigate the trend of typhoid and paratyphoid in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014 and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of these diseases. Methods: Included in this study were compiled epidemiological data of typhoid and paratyphoid cases in Zhejiang from 1953 to 2003 and epidemiological data of those from 2004 to 2014 registered in the China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention. Description methods were employed to explore the epidemiological characteristics, including long-term trend, gender distribution, age distribution, and occupation distribution. Incidence maps were made to represent the annual average incidences for each municipality. Spearman’s rank correlation was performed to detect the correlation between incidence and average elevation, and circular distribution was calculated to identify the seasonality and peak days of the diseases. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 182,602 typhoid and paratyphoid cases were reported in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014, and the average annual incidence was 7.89 per 100,000 population. The incidence in 2014 decreased by 93.82% compared with that in 1953 and by 95.00% compared with the highest incidence rate. The average incidence before 2003 was negatively correlated with the average elevation of each region in Zhejiang province (r < 0, p < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant correlation from 2003. The peak period of diseases fell in the months from April to October every year. The incidence among the population group aged over 35 rose gradually but declined sharply among those between 20 and 34. Conclusions: The incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid decreased in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014 but remained high in some regions. Proper measures for prevention and control are warranted in the southeast coast areas and for high-risk populations.

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Analysis of Epidemiological Characteristics of Scarlet Fever in Zhejiang Province, China, 2004–2018

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16183454 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (18) ◽

pp. 3454 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Qinbao Lu ◽

Haocheng Wu ◽

Zheyuan Ding ◽

Chen Wu ◽

Junfen Lin

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Scarlet Fever ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Zhejiang Province ◽

Targeted Prevention ◽

Spring Semester ◽

Northern Regions ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the trends and epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever in Zhejiang Province in 2004–2018, intending to provide a basis for targeted prevention and control of this disease. Method: We collated the epidemiological data for cases of scarlet fever from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP) in Zhejiang province between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2018. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever, whereas the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic was used to determine the hotspot incidence of scarlet fever. Results: In 2004–2018, a total of 22,194 cases of scarlet fever were reported in Zhejiang Province, with no death reports. The annual average of scarlet fever incidence was 2.82/100,000 (range,1.12 to 6.34/100,000). The male incidence was higher than that among female (χ2 = 999.834, p < 0.05), and a majority of the cases (86.42%) occurred in children aged 3–9 years. Each year, the incidence of scarlet fever in Zhejiang Province appeared two seasonal peaks: the first peak occurred from March to June (the constituent ratio was 49.06%), the second peak was lower than the first one during November and the following January (the constituent ratio was 28.67%). The two peaks were almost in accordance with the school spring semester and autumn–winter semester, respectively. The incidence in the northern regions of the province was generally higher than that in the southern regions. High-value clusters were detected in the central and northern regions, while low-value clusters occurred in the southern regions via the Getis-Ord Gi* statistical analysis. Conclusions: The prevalence of scarlet fever in Zhejiang Province showed a marked seasonality variation and mainly clustered in the central and northern regions in 2004–2018. Children under 15 years of age were most susceptible to scarlet fever. Kindergartens and primary schools should be the focus of prevention and control, and targeted strategies and measures should be taken to reduce the incidence.

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The state of the leprosy epidemic in Yunnan, China 2011–2020: A spatial and spatiotemporal analysis, highlighting areas for intervention

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0009783 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. e0009783

Author(s):

Xiaohua Chen ◽

Tie-Jun Shui

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Information System ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Autocorrelation ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Distribution Analysis ◽

Important Public Health Problem ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Background Despite public health efforts to reduce the leprosy burden in Yunnan, China, leprosy remains an important public health problem in some specific areas. We analyzed the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution of leprosy in Yunnan, China, and provide data to guide disease prevention and control efforts. Methodology/principal findings The surveillance data of newly detected leprosy cases in Yunnan, China, during 2011–2020 were extracted from the LEPROSY MANAGEMANT INFORMATION SYSTEM IN CHINA (LEPMIS), and spatial distribution analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and spatiotemporal scanning were performed with ArcGIS 10.6.1, GeoDa 1.8.8, and SaTScan 9.4.3 software, respectively. A total of 1907 newly detected leprosy cases were reported in Yunnan, China, during 2011–2020. The new case detection rate (NCDR) decreased from 0.62 in 2011 to 0.25 in 2020, with an annual incidence of 0.41/100,000 population. The proportions of multibacillary (MB) cases, cases in female patients, cases causing grade 2 physical disability (G2D), and cases in pediatric patients were 67.07%, 33.93%, 17.99%, and 2.83%, respectively. The number of counties with an incidence above 1/100,000 population decreased from 30 in 2011 to 8 in 2020. The Moran’s I of leprosy in Yunnan, China, during 2011–2020 ranged from 0.076 to 0.260, indicating the presence of spatial clusters. Local spatial autocorrelation (LSA) analysis showed that high-high cluster areas (hot spots) were mainly distributed in the southeastern, northern, and northwestern regions. Spatiotemporal scanning showed three clusters with high NCDRs. The probably primary clusters, occurring during January 1, 2011–December 31, 2015, covered 11 counties in the southeastern region (RR = 5.046515, LRR = 271.749664, P = 0.000). Conclusion The number of leprosy cases in Yunnan decreased overall, although some high-NCDR regions remained. Geographic information system (GIS) analysis coupled with spatial analysis indicated regions with leprosy clusters. Continuous leprosy prevention and control strategies in Yunnan Province should be established, and interventions in high-risk regions should be prioritized and further strengthened.

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A community-based randomized trial for the prevention and control of brucellosis among rural populations in Iran: application of the PRECEDE planning model

10.21203/rs.2.13991/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Leila Jahangiry ◽

Maryam Khazaee-Pool ◽

Towhid Babazadeh ◽

Parvin Sarbakhsh ◽

Koen Ponnet

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Animal Health ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Control Program ◽

Control Group ◽

Community Based ◽

History Of ◽

And Control

Abstract Background: Brucellosis is one of the most frequently occurring zoonotic diseases of veterinary and a public health problem in developing countries. It affects human and animal health and has measurable effects on the productive and reproductive performance of livestock. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to develop a community-based intervention program for brucellosis prevention and control. A two-arm parallel cluster randomized controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of the program over six months in a rural population in Ahar, East Azerbaijan, Iran. A total of 16 village health houses were randomly allocated to the intervention and the control groups (eight per arm), and 400 participants were recruited via household health records in the health houses. The PRECEDE model, which is an acronym for Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation, was used to design, implement, and evaluate the brucellosis prevention and control program. Knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, social support, environmental enabling, and behavioral factors were measured at the baseline and the six-month follow-up. A generalized mixed effects model was used to analyze data. Results: The mean ages (SD) of the intervention and control group respondents were 35.9 (11.87) and 37.28 (11.04) years, respectively. After the six-month intervention, significant between-group differences were found on all PRECEDE variables, adjusted for education, history of brucellosis, and family history of brucellosis. Conclusion: There is a need to consolidate collaborative health and veterinary sector efforts, as well as increase regular vaccination practices and financial resources to support farmers willing to slaughter animals and/or offer slaughter facilities. The present study was able to demonstrate which educational and ecological factors influence behaviors and environments related to brucellosis and, as such, provide evidence of the effectiveness of interventions based on the PROCEDE model.

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Mumps epidemic in orthodox religious low-vaccination communities in the Netherlands and Canada, 2007 to 2009

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.16.41.19989-en ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 16 (41) ◽

Author(s):

C C Wielders ◽

R S van Binnendijk ◽

B E Snijders ◽

G A Tipples ◽

J Cremer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Practitioner ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Mumps Virus ◽

Data Sources ◽

Epidemic Strain ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Laboratory Confirmation ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

We assessed the epidemiological characteristics of a mumps virus epidemic (genotype D) that occurred in the Netherlands between August 2007 and May 2009 and its association with a subsequent mumps outbreak in Canada. In the Netherlands, five data sources were used: notifications (only mandatory since the end of 2008) (56 cases), laboratory confirmation data (177 cases), a sentinel general practitioner (GP) database (275 cases), hospitalisation data (29 cases) and weekly virological reports (96 cases). The median age of cases in the notification, laboratory and GP databases ranged from 13 to 15 years. The proportion of cases that were unvaccinated ranged from 65% to 85% in the notification, laboratory and GP databases. Having orthodox Protestant beliefs was the main reason for not being vaccinated. In Canada, a mumps virus strain indistinguishable from the Dutch epidemic strain was detected between February and October 2008 in an orthodox Protestant community with historical and family links to the affected community in the Netherlands, suggesting that spread to Canada had occurred. Prevention and control of vaccine-preventable diseases among population subgroups with low vaccination coverage remains a priority.

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Knowledge Enhancement about COVID-19 Prevention on Community with Webinar Program

Jurnal Layanan Masyarakat (Journal of Public Services) ◽

10.20473/jlm.v5i1.2021.103-110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 103

Author(s):

Ratih Damayanti

Keyword(s):

Community Participation ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

P Value ◽

Public Knowledge ◽

Age Group ◽

Community Groups ◽

Public Facilities ◽

Knowledge Enhancement ◽

And Control ◽

At Home

COVID-19 is increasingly difficult to control. There is evidence of an increase in cases during the beginning of December. There needs to be community participation in prevention and control efforts anywhere (including at home, public facilities and workplaces). Webinars are a method that can be used during a pandemic to increase public knowledge. In this activity, the results showed that some of the participants were female in the age group less than 30 years old with status as students. There was a significant increase in knowledge (p-value = 0.000) of community groups who were provided with counseling through webinars of 9.17 points. It is necessary to expand the reach of people who get counseling through webinars so that information or knowledge about the prevention and handling of COVID-19 can be widely spread throughout Indonesia.

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Assessment on awareness towards preventive measures of COVID-19 in Sheka, Southwestern Ethiopia: Community based cross-sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-434491/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Assaye Belay Gelaw ◽

Solomon Abebaw Andargie

Keyword(s):

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Critical Element ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Southwestern Ethiopia ◽

Prevention Methods ◽

And Control

Abstract Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and it is the most important of public health problem worldwide. A critical element in tackling the COVID-19 crisis is personal behavioral change; however, there is a paucity of evidence about peoples’ awareness towards COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, the aim of this was to assess the community’s awareness status towards COVID-19 in Sheka, Southwestern Ethiopia.Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted 10th to 21th April 2020. Four hundred-nineteen individuals participated during the study. Both univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify significant factors of awareness status, and variables with p-value<0.05 indicated it significantly influences the awareness status of the individuals towards COVID-19.Results: According to the study’s results, nearly half (49.4 %) of the participants had awareness about COVID-19 pandemic. Factors such being female equal (AOR: 0.476, 95%CI: 0.293, 0.772),education being secondary and above(AOR:2.178,95%CI:1.323,3.586),and prevention methods being fully used (AOR,8.127,95%CI: 1.273, 51.871)were significantly influencing the awareness status of the community towards COVID-19 pandemic than their counterparts.Conclusion: The study showed that there is a low awareness status among people towards COVID-19.Hence, programs to improve awareness towards COVID-19 pandemic is essential to prevent and control the pandemic.

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Recent epidemiological trends in extrapulmonary TB in Galicia, Spain

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease ◽

10.5588/ijtld.20.0910 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 373-381

Author(s):

L. Ferreiro ◽

A. Ruano-Raviña ◽

R. Otero-Mallo ◽

C. Pou-Álvarez ◽

V. Riveiro-Blanco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽

Absolute Number ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Age Group ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Epidemiological Trends ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological trends and characteristics of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in Galicia, Spain, from 2000 to 2019.METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study based on data from the Galician TB information system.RESULTS: Of the total number of TB cases (n = 15,871), 5,428 (34.2%) had EPTB. The absolute number of cases and incidence of EPTB decreased dramatically (from 480 cases and 17.8 cases/100,000 in 2000, to 172 and 6.4 cases/100,000 in 2019, respectively), with a mean annual decrease of respectively 64% and 4.7% for absolute cases and incidence rates. The risk for EPTB was higher in men than in women (RR 3.86, 95% CI 3.66–4.07). The most frequent age group was 15–44 years (2,234 patients, 41.2%); overall reductions per age group were 82% (0–14 years), 75% (15–44 years), 44% (45–64 years) and 63% (≥65 years), with statistically significant differences. The most frequently locations were the pleura (1,916 cases; 35.3%) and the lymph nodes (1,504; 27.7%).CONCLUSION: The incidence of EPTB in Galicia has decreased significantly in the last 20 years. The epidemiological characteristics have not changed, except for the number of patients with risk factors. This improvement of EPTB epidemiological trends coincides with the implementation of the programme for the prevention and control of TB, which suggests that it has been very effective in the control of the EPTB.

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Epidemiological characteristics and clinical analyses of chronic cutaneous wounds of inpatients in China: Prevention and control

Wound Repair and Regeneration ◽

10.1111/wrr.12825 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 623-630

Author(s):

Biao Cheng ◽

Yufeng Jiang ◽

Xiaobing Fu ◽

Daifeng Hao ◽

Hongwei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Cutaneous Wounds ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

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Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Bacillary Dysentery from 2005 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province, China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15091826 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (9) ◽

pp. 1826 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Congcong Yan ◽

Yijuan Chen ◽

Ziping Miao ◽

Shuwen Qin ◽

Hua Gu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Bacillary Dysentery ◽

Health Planning ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Age Groups ◽

Zhejiang Province ◽

P Value ◽

High Risk Population ◽

Circular Distribution ◽

Spatiotemporal Characteristics

Background: This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological and spatiotemporal characteristics of bacillary dysentery in Zhejiang Province and to provide the basis for its monitoring, prevention and control. Methods: This study included cases registered in China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2017 in Zhejiang. Descriptive methods were employed to investigate the long trend of this disease: gender distribution, high-risk population, seasonality, and circular distribution was explored to detect the peak period; incidence maps were made to show the incidence trend of disease at county level; spatial autocorrelation was explored and the regions with autocorrelation were detected; and spatiotemporal scan was conducted to map out the high-risk regions of disease and how long they lasted. Statistical significance was assumed at p value of <0.05. Results: A total of 105,577 cases of bacillary dysentery were included, the incidence declining sharply from 45.84/100,000 to 3.44/100,000 with an obvious seasonal peak from July to October. Males were more predisposed to the infection than females. Pre-education children had the highest proportion among all occupation categories. Incidence in all age groups were negatively correlated with the year (p < 0.001), and the incidences were negatively correlated with the age groups in 2005–2008 (p = 0.022, 0.025, 0.044, and 0.047, respectively). Local autocorrelation showed that counties in Hangzhou were high-risk regions of bacillary dysentery. The spatiotemporal scan indicated that all clusters occurred before 2011, and the most likely cluster for disease was found in Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou. Conclusions: The incidence of bacillary dysentery in Zhejiang from 2005 to 2017 featured spatiotemporal clustering, and remained high in some areas and among the young population. Findings in this study serve as a panorama of bacillary dysentery in Zhejiang and provide useful information for better interventions and public health planning.

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Taking action on prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases in Bhutan by strengthening gross national happiness

Bhutan Health Journal ◽

10.47811/bhj.69 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 46-50

Author(s):

Gyambo Sithey ◽

Anne Marie Thow ◽

Jayendra Sharma ◽

Karma Lhazin ◽

Mu Li

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Action Plan ◽

Health Sector ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Gross National Happiness ◽

National Happiness ◽

And Control

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are major public health problem in Bhutan, accounting for 68% of total deaths. The growing epidemic of NCDs threatens the achievement of Gross National Happiness (GNH). NCDs are the results of complex interaction of social and economic risk factors and change in diet and lifestyle. Effective action to prevent and control these diseases requires a whole-of-government approach.In this paper we review new evidence to support political priority for NCDs in Bhutan. One third of the Bhutanese are overweight (33%) and hypertensive (35.7), and 6.4% are diabetic. The prevalence of modifiable risk factors is also very high. We also present the analysis of strategic policy opportunities for health sector to integrate the ‘Multisectoral national action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs, 2015-2020’ into policies across all relevant sectors. Our analysis has identified three specific opportunities for the health sector to engage strategically to strengthen action on NCDs and GNH, concurrently: 1) raising priority actions on NCDs within the existing GNH multisectoral committee, to achieve both health and happiness objectives; 2) identifying shared agenda between NCDs and GNH to achieve both health and happiness objectives; and 3) identifying shared GNH determinants between NCDs and GNH to enhance action on NCDs. Addressing NCDs aligns with the optimization of Gross National Happiness. It is imperative that the Government of Bhutan recognize that action on NCDs is an integral element for achieving GNH.

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