Quantifying the Coach–Athlete–Parent (C–A–P) Relationship in Youth Sport: Initial Development of the Positive and Negative Processes in the C–A–P Questionnaire (PNPCAP)

Youth sport participation is valued worldwide. Coaches, parents, and athlete youth routinely interact. These interactions impact youth sport participation. To date, only a 48-item measure exits assessing the overall perception of the coach–athlete–parent relationship with the same question set for coaches, parents, and athletes. However, this 48-item measure has not undergone quantitative development. Hence, we sought to assess these 48 items and to further develop a valid and reliable instrument measuring the coach–athlete–parent relationship. To do so, two studies were conducted. In Study 1, 308 participants completed the existing 48-item measure, resulting in 15 items that were fit into two dimensions, positive and negative group processes. In Study 2, 678 participants completed the 15-item measure. After examining the analyses, 11 items remained to form the Positive and Negative Processes in the Coach–Athlete–Parent Questionnaire (PNPCAP). In summary, the PNPCAP is a valid brief measure for assessing interpersonal relationships among coach–athlete–parents in both team and individual sport contexts. Future research is needed to continue to develop the scale for construct validity as well as translate the scale into multiple languages to determine validity in across countries.

Download Full-text

The Progressive Involvement of Youth in Niche Sport: The Perspective of Youth Participants and Their Parents

Journal of Amateur Sport ◽

10.17161/jas.v1i1.4921 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 52

Author(s):

Richard J. Buning ◽

Cassie Coble ◽

Shannon Kerwin

Keyword(s):

Parental Influence ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Youth Sport ◽

Future Research ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Youth Sport Participation ◽

Practice Framework ◽

Deliberate Play ◽

Practical Implications

The current study explores youth sport participation by examining the factors perceived to influence youth sampling and specialization in a niche sport. Further, the role of parental influence was examined as a contributing factor to youth sport progression. In-person semi-structured interviews were performed with 18 youth target archery participants and their parents (N = 28). Data analysis revealed target archery may provide a unique context that enhances previously agreed upon perceptions of sampling and specializing within youth sport development. The youth participants’ experiences with target archery were found to both confirm and challenge previous conceptions of the deliberate play and practice framework, while parental influence was largely based on opinion and prior experience. Based on these findings, theoretical contributions, suggestions for future research, and practical implications are discussed.

Download Full-text

Parents' Perceptions of Child-to-Parent Socialization in Organized Youth Sport

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsep.31.4.444 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 444-468 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Travis E. Dorsch ◽

Alan L. Smith ◽

Meghan H. McDonough

Keyword(s):

Sport Participation ◽

Youth Sport ◽

Child Temperament ◽

Future Research ◽

Child Gender ◽

Community Sport ◽

Socialization Processes ◽

Parent Socialization ◽

Youth Sport Participation ◽

Or Team

The purpose of this study was to enhance understanding of how parents are socialized by their children's organized youth sport participation. Five semistructured focus groups were conducted with youth sport parents (N = 26) and analyzed using qualitative methods based on Strauss and Corbin (1998). Sixty-three underlying themes reflected parents' perceived socialization experiences resulting from their children's organized youth sport participation. Each theme represented 1 of 11 subcategories of parental change, which were subsumed within four broad categories of parent sport socialization (behavior, cognition, affect, relationships). Each category of parental change was interconnected with the other three categories. Moreover, six potential moderators of parent sport socialization were documented, namely, child age, parent past sport experience, parent and child gender, child temperament, community sport context, and type of sport setting (individual or team). Together, these findings enhance understanding of parent sport socialization processes and outcomes, thus opening avenues for future research on parents in the youth sport setting.

Download Full-text

Parents, Coaches, and Peers: Their Influence on Youth Sport Participation

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e626692010-001 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Erica C. Force ◽

Dustin Johnson ◽

Matthew Atkins ◽

Trent A. Petrie

Keyword(s):

Sport Participation ◽

Youth Sport ◽

Youth Sport Participation

Download Full-text

Defining a research agenda for youth sport specialisation in the USA: the AMSSM Youth Early Sport Specialization Summit

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2020-102699 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 135-143

Author(s):

Stephanie A Kliethermes ◽

Stephen W Marshall ◽

Cynthia R LaBella ◽

Andrew M Watson ◽

Joel S Brenner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Research Agenda ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Youth Sport ◽

Well Being ◽

Medical Society ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Future Research ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Usa

Sport specialisation is becoming increasingly common among youth and adolescent athletes in the USA and many have raised concern about this trend. Although research on sport specialisation has grown significantly, numerous pressing questions remain pertaining to short-term and long-term effects of specialisation on the health and well-being of youth, including the increased risk of overuse injury and burnout. Many current elite athletes did not specialise at an early age. Methodological and study design limitations impact the quality of current literature, and researchers need to prioritise pressing research questions to promote safe and healthy youth sport participation. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine hosted a Youth Early Sport Specialization Summit in April 2019 with the goal of synthesising and reviewing current scientific knowledge and developing a research agenda to guide future research in the field based on the identified gaps in knowledge. This statement provides a broad summary of the existing literature, gaps and limitations in current evidence and identifies key research priorities to help guide researchers conducting research on youth sport specialisation. Our goals are to help improve the quality and relevance of research on youth sport specialisation and to ultimately assure that opportunities for healthy and safe sport participation continue for all youth.

Download Full-text

Youth sport participation and physical activity in rural communities

Archives of Public Health ◽

10.1186/s13690-021-00570-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Debra K. Kellstedt ◽

Michaela A. Schenkelberg ◽

Ann M. Essay ◽

Mary J. Von Seggern ◽

Richard R. Rosenkranz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Family Income ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Random Effect ◽

Youth Sport ◽

Comparison Groups ◽

Youth Sport Participation ◽

6Th Graders

Abstract Background Physical activity, a high-frequency health behavior, varies by where children live, learn, and play. Children accumulate physical activity in adult-led in-school and out-of-school settings. Youth sport is a potential setting for physical activity, but there are differences in youth sport participation based on age, sex, and socioeconomic status. There is a gap in understanding demographic influences on youth sport participation and how these factors interact to influence physical activity. This study examines influences of grade, sex, and family income on youth sport participation and these factors and youth sport participation on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of children in rural communities. Methods Children (n = 418 3rd–6th graders) living in two rural communities completed the online Youth Activity Profile as part of Wellscapes, a type 3 hybrid implementation-effectiveness community randomized trial. Mixed models with community as a random effect examined main effects and interactions of grade, sex, and family income on youth sport participation and these factors and youth sport participation on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Results About 80% of children engaged in youth sport, and full-pay lunch students were almost four times more likely to have youth sport participation than students with free/reduced lunch (OR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.95, 7.8). Females and 6th graders (p < 0.05) had lower physical activity than comparison groups. Males with higher family income had greater physical activity; females with higher family income had less physical activity. For 6th graders, high family income had less effect on physical activity than similar 3rd-5th graders (p < 0.01). Conclusions While a fairly high percentage of children participate in youth sports, there are disparities in rural communities on youth sport participation and physical activity outcomes based on age, sex, and family income.

Download Full-text

Youth Sport Participation and Withdrawal: Is It Simply a Matter of FUN?

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.4.2.105 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 105-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Linda M. Petlichkoff

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Youth Sport ◽

Sports Participation ◽

Extensive Study ◽

Organized Sports ◽

Youth Sport Participation ◽

The U.S ◽

Athletic Footwear

In 1990 the Athletic Footwear Association (AFA) (1) released a report entitled “American Youth and Sports Participation” that examined teenagers’ (ages 10-18 years) feelings about their sport involvement. This report was the culmination of an extensive study of more than 10,000 young people from 11 cities across the U.S. in which issues related to why teenagers participate, why they quit, and their feelings about winning were addressed.1 The results highlighted in the AFA report indicate that (a) participation in organized sports declines sharply as youngsters get older, (b) “fun” is the key reason for involvement and “lack of fun” is one of the primary reasons for discontinuing, (c) winning plays less of a role than most adults would think, and (d) not all athletes have the same motivations for their involvement.

Download Full-text

Sports Marketing Special Session: Youth Sport Participation and Youth Olympic Games: An Abstract

Enlightened Marketing in Challenging Times - Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-42545-6_23 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 105-106

Author(s):

Anahit Armenakyan

Keyword(s):

Sport Participation ◽

Olympic Games ◽

Youth Sport ◽

Sports Marketing ◽

Special Session ◽

Youth Sport Participation

Download Full-text

Female and male youth sport coaches’ perceptions of teaching sportspersonship to female and male athletes

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954118786061 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 619-628 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nicole D Bolter ◽

Shelley M Lucas

Keyword(s):

Youth Development ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Youth Sport ◽

Young Athletes ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Male Youth ◽

Development Framework ◽

Expected Outcome ◽

Youth Sport Participation ◽

Sport Coaches

According to the positive youth development framework, sportspersonship and character development is an expected outcome from participation in youth sport. Previous studies have shown mixed results in terms of how gender affects young athletes’ sportspersonship, suggesting it is important to explore how boys and girls are taught about sportspersonship by their coaches. In this study, we interviewed six female and six male youth sport coaches who had coached both girls’ and boys’ teams at recreational and competitive levels to examine coaches’ expectations regarding sportspersonship, with a specific focus on those beliefs associated with gender. Our analysis indicated that gender does matter, as represented in the two emergent higher-order themes—(a) Observations of Athletes’ Sportspersonship Behaviors and (b) Teaching Sportspersonship to Girls and Boys—representative of two and four lower-order themes, respectively. Results showed that gender mattered in terms of coaches’ reported strategies for teaching about sportspersonship, suggesting that youth sport participation builds gendered character.

Download Full-text