Phthalate Plasticizers in Children’s Products and Estimation of Exposure: Importance of Migration Rate

Plasticizers are added to diverse consumer products including children’s products. Owing to their potential for endocrine disruption, the use of phthalate plasticizers is restricted in many children’s products. In this study, exposure to five phthalate esters (dibutylphthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate (DINP)) and an alternative (di-ethylhexyl adipate) was assessed by the use of children’s products based on chemical analysis of 3345 products purchased during 2017 and 2019 in Korea. Plasticizers were found above the detection limits in 387 products, and DEHP and DINP were the two most predominantly detected plasticizers. Deterministic and probabilistic estimation of the margin of exposure at a screening level revealed that the use of children’s products might be an important risk factor. However, it is also highly likely that the exposure could be overestimated, because the migration rate was estimated based solely on the content of plasticizers in children’s products. Chemical migration is a key process determining the absorption of plasticizers from products; thus, further refinements in experimental determination or model estimation of the migration rate are required.

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Assessment of Gas–Particle Phase Distribution and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Phthalate Esters and Volatile Methyl Siloxanes in Vietnamese Micro-Environments

VNU Journal of Science Natural Sciences and Technology ◽

10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4985 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hoang Quoc Anh ◽

Le Thi Hanh ◽

Dang Minh Huong Giang ◽

Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen ◽

Chu Ngoc Chau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Phase ◽

Source Apportionment ◽

Indoor Air ◽

Phase Distribution ◽

Phthalate Esters ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Emission Sources ◽

Particle Phase ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽

Total Concentrations

In this study, the gas–particle distribution characteristics and emission sources of phthalate esters (PAEs) and volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) were evaluated for indoor air samples collected from different micro-environments such as homes, offices, kindergartens, hair salons, laboratories, and cars in 4 cities and provinces of Hanoi, Bac Ninh, Thai Binh, and Tuyen Quang, northern Vietnam. In general, total concentrations of PAEs and VMSs were higher in gas phase as compared to particle phase; however, phase distribution profiles of individual compounds were strongly related to their structures and physicochemical properties. For examples, low-molecular-weight compounds such as dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, D3, D4, L4, and L5 were more abundant in gas phase, while heavier compounds like di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and L8 were preferentially associated with particle phase. Assessment of PAE emission sources is relatively difficult because they have been applied in different consumer products and materials. Significant correlation between cyclic VMSs (e.g., D4, D5, and D6) was observed, suggesting their applications in cosmetics and personal care products. Keywords: Phthalate esters, volatile methyl siloxanes, indoor air, phase distribution, source apportionment.

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Uptake of Phthalate Esters, Di(n-butyl)phthalate and Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, as Environmental Chemicals in Monkeys in Japan

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s001280000057 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 64 (5) ◽

pp. 679-685 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

K. Asaoka

Keyword(s):

Phthalate Esters ◽

Environmental Chemicals ◽

Butyl Phthalate ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate

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Hazard to the developing male reproductive system from cumulative exposure to phthalate esters—dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, dipentyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.11.005 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 90-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 100

Author(s):

Robert Benson

Keyword(s):

Reproductive System ◽

Dibutyl Phthalate ◽

Phthalate Esters ◽

Male Reproductive System ◽

Cumulative Exposure ◽

Diethylhexyl Phthalate ◽

Diisononyl Phthalate

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Comparison of hepatic peroxisome proliferative effect and its implication for hepatocarcinogenicity of phthalate esters, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate with a hypolipidemic drug.

Environmental Health Perspectives ◽

10.1289/ehp.8665317 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 65 ◽

pp. 317-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J K Reddy ◽

M K Reddy ◽

M I Usman ◽

N D Lalwani ◽

M S Rao

Keyword(s):

Phthalate Esters ◽

Hypolipidemic Drug ◽

Proliferative Effect ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate

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A toxicological investigation of some acute, short-term, and chronic effects of administering di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and other phthalate esters

Environmental Research ◽

10.1016/0013-9351(75)90043-2 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

W.H. Lawrence ◽

M. Malik ◽

J.E. Turner ◽

A.R. Singh ◽

J. Autian

Keyword(s):

Phthalate Esters ◽

Short Term ◽

Chronic Effects ◽

Toxicological Investigation ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate

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The Effect of Final Heating on the Concentration of Phthalic Acid Esters by Sous-Vide Production

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.955.80 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 955 ◽

pp. 80-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marcela Jandlová ◽

Alžbeta Jarošová ◽

Josef Kameník

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Phthalate Esters ◽

Meat Product ◽

Meat Products ◽

Average Concentration ◽

The European Union ◽

Plastic Packaging ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Sous Vide ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate

In our research the influence of thermal heating on the release of plasticizers from plastics into the meat product and water was researched. The two most widely used plasticizers, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were detected. Both of the plasticizers have a negative effect on the health. And both are regulated by regulation of the European Union. In this study were researched phthalates in products prepared by sous-vide technology and it was studied effect of reheating on migration of phthalates. The average concentrations of both phthalate esters, DBP and DEHP, in heated water decreased. The average concentration of DBP in water before heating was detected 0.82 mg/100 ml and after heating 0.52 mg/100 ml, the average concentration of DEHP in water before heating was established 0.33 mg/100 ml and after heating 0.19 mg/100 ml. In plastic wraps, average DBP concentration with reheating increased and average DEHP concentration with reheating dropped. The average DBP concentration in plastic packaging, heating at 60 °C/12 h was determined of 9.87 mg/dm2 after reheating 60 °C/1 h was detected of 15.40 mg/dm2. The average concentration of DEHP in plastic packaging, heating at 60 °C/12 h was determined of 58.71 mg/dm2 and after reheating 60 °C/1 h was detected of 28.28 mg/dm2. The average DBP concentration in meat products due to reheating decreased, the average DEHP concentration in meat products increased. The average DBP concentration in meat products heating at 60 °C/12 h was detected of 8.39 mg/g dry matter and after reheating of 6.43 mg/g dry matter, the average DEHP concentration heating at 60 °C/12 h was determined of 25.37 mg/g dry matter and after reheating of 65.51 mg/g dry matter..

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Plasticizers as Microplastics Tracers in Tunisian Marine Environment

Frontiers in Marine Science ◽

10.3389/fmars.2020.589398 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Enrico Gugliandolo ◽

Patrizia Licata ◽

Rosalia Crupi ◽

Ambrogina Albergamo ◽

Amel Jebara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Chain ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Plastic Material ◽

Phthalate Esters ◽

Spatiotemporal Trends ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Other World ◽

Aquatic Contaminants ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽

Acid Esters

The new knowledge on the bio-transformations to which the plastic material is subjected, raise concerns about their role as environmental contaminants. Microplastic have been reported to be responsible for the release and distribution of aquatic contaminants such organophosphorus esters, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and phthalate esters. The occurrence, spatiotemporal trends, and ecological risk of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and non-phthalate plasticizers (NPPs) released from microplastic were investigated in water and fish (Sparus aurata) from five sites along the coast of Mahdia governorate (Tunisia), during April 2018-March 2019. In seawater the most abundant and frequently detected congeners were dibutyl phthalate (DBP, 0.017 mg L–1 and 0.055 mg L–1), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP, 0.075 mg L–1 and 0.219 mg L–1), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP, 0.071 mg L–1 and 4.594 mg L–1), and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT, 0.634 mg L–1 and 2.424 mg L–1). (ΣPAEs: 1.416 mg L–1 and 5.581 mg L–1; ΣNPPs: 9.191 mg L–1 and 26.296 mg L–1), confirming that such compounds bioconcentrate through the food chain. DBP (0.389 and 0.817 mg L–1), DiBP (0.101 and 0.921 mg L–1), DEHP (0.726 and 1.771 mg L–1) and DEHT (9.191 and 23.251 mg L–1) were predominant also in S. aurata affirming that such compounds bioconcentrate through the food chain. Overall, Tunisian samples i) were much more contaminated than counterparts previously investigated for the same pollutants from other world areas, and ii) revealed NPPs at higher levels than PAEs, confirming that such plasticizers are increasingly replacing conventional PAEs.

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Phthalate Esters and Their Potential Risk in PET Bottled Water Stored under Common Conditions

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17010141 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 141 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiangqin Xu ◽

Gang Zhou ◽

Kun Lei ◽

Gerald A. LeBlanc ◽

Lihui An

Keyword(s):

Storage Time ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Pure Water ◽

Phthalate Esters ◽

Storage Condition ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Pet Bottles ◽

Short Period ◽

Endocrine Disrupting ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate

A great deal of attention has been paid lately to release of phthalate esters (PAEs) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into PET bottled drinking water due to their potential endocrine-disrupting effects. Three kinds of PAEs, including diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), were detected in 10 popular brands of PET bottles in Beijing, ranging from 101.97 μg/kg to 709.87 μg/kg. Meanwhile, six kinds of PAEs, including DEP, DMP, DBP, n-butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were detected in PET bottled water, ranging from 0.19 μg/L to 0.98 μg/L, under an outdoor storage condition, while their concentrations ranged from 0.18 μg/L to 0.71 μg/L under an indoor storage condition. Furthermore, the concentrations of PAEs in brand D and E bottles were slightly increased when the storage time was prolonged. In addition, the concentrations of PAEs in commercial water contained in brand B and H bottles and pure water contained in brand E and G bottles were also slightly increased with the increase of storage temperature. Interestingly, DBP mainly contributed to the increased PAEs levels in simulation water. These results suggest that a part of the PAEs in PET bottled water originated from plastic bottles, which was related to the storage time and temperature. However, the PAEs in PET bottled water only pose a negligible risk to consumers if they follow the recommendations, such as storage at a common place (24 °C), away from sun and in a short period of time.

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Anthropogenic Occurrence of Phthalate Esters in Beach Seawater in the Southeast Coast Region, South Korea

Water ◽

10.3390/w12010122 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 122 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Huijin Heo ◽

Mi-Jin Choi ◽

Jongkwan Park ◽

Taewoo Nam ◽

Jaeweon Cho

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Phthalate Esters ◽

Domestic Sewage ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Environmental Matrices ◽

Sorptive Extraction ◽

Weather Events ◽

Butyl Phthalate

In modern times, humans have contributed to the occurrence of phthalate esters (PEs) in various environmental matrices by consuming plastics that generally contain PEs, which are essential synthetic organic chemicals for fabrication of various consumer products. Five beaches in Ulsan and Busan, South Korea, were investigated for the anthropogenic occurrence of four PEs (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) in beach seawater. Using stir-bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, DnBP and DEHP were determined as generally dominant. At Ilsan Beach, both the northern and southern ends showed higher DnBP and DEHP concentrations than the middle of the beach, while DMP and DEP showed similar concentrations at all points. The differences in the DnBP and DEHP concentrations may be related to the fishery industry and domestic sewage inflow to the beach. In addition, a comparison among Ilsan, Imnang, and Songjeong beaches suggested the effects of neighboring industrial areas on the DnBP and DEHP ratio. This study provides information on the effects of seasons, weather events, the proximity of rivers, industrial behavior, and domestic sewage to PE concentrations in beach seawater.

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