Stress and Cardiometabolic Disease Risk for Indigenous Populations throughout the Lifespan

Background: Indigenous people experience the greatest cardiometabolic disease disparity in the Unites States, yet high cardiometabolic disease risk factors do not fully explain the extent of the cardiometabolic disease disparity for Indigenous people. Stress, trauma, and racism occur at high rates within Indigenous communities and have not been well explored as significant contributors to cardiometabolic disease disparities despite emerging literature, and therefore will be described here. Methods: This descriptive study explores the relationship between cardiometabolic disease risks and Indigenous-specific stressors (e.g., early childhood stress and trauma, adulthood stress and trauma, and historical and intergenerational trauma) using current literature. Indigenous-specific protective factors against cardiometabolic disease are also reviewed. Results. Increasing research indicates that there is a relationship between Indigenous-specific stressful and traumatic life experiences and increased cardiometabolic disease risk. Mental health and psychophysiology play an important role in this relationship. Effective interventions to reduce cardiometabolic disease risk in Indigenous communities focus on ameliorating the negative effects of these stressors through the use of culturally specific health behaviors and activities. Conclusions: There is increasing evidence that cultural connection and enculturation are protective factors for cardiometabolic disease, and may be galvanized through Indigenous-led training, research, and policy change.

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Interethnic Differences in Serum Lipids and Implications for Cardiometabolic Disease Risk in African Ancestry Populations

Global Heart ◽

10.1016/j.gheart.2017.01.011 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 141 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Amy R. Bentley ◽

Charles N. Rotimi

Keyword(s):

Serum Lipids ◽

Disease Risk ◽

African Ancestry ◽

Cardiometabolic Disease ◽

Interethnic Differences ◽

Cardiometabolic Disease Risk

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Inflammatory markers are altered in severe mental disorders independent of comorbid cardiometabolic disease risk factors – ERRATUM

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291719000291 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (10) ◽

pp. 1758-1758

Author(s):

Ragni H. Mørch ◽

Ingrid Dieset ◽

Ann Færden ◽

Elina J. Reponen ◽

Sigrun Hope ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Disease ◽

Severe Mental Disorders ◽

Cardiometabolic Disease Risk

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Distinct phenotypic characteristics of normal-weight adults at risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqaa194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 112 (4) ◽

pp. 967-978

Author(s):

Abishek Stanley ◽

John Schuna ◽

Shengping Yang ◽

Samantha Kennedy ◽

Moonseong Heo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Body Shape ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Disease Risk ◽

White Men ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Cardiometabolic Disease ◽

Men And Women ◽

Distinct Phenotype ◽

Cardiometabolic Disease Risk

ABSTRACT Background The normal-weight BMI range (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) includes adults with body shape and cardiometabolic disease risk features of excess adiposity, although a distinct phenotype developed on a large and diverse sample is lacking. Objective To identify demographic, behavioral, body composition, and health-risk biomarker characteristics of people in the normal-weight BMI range who are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases based on body shape. Methods Six nationally representative waist circumference index (WCI, weight/height0.5) prediction formulas, with BMI and age as covariates, were developed using data from 17,359 non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black, and Mexican-American NHANES 1999–2006 participants. These equations were then used to predict WCI in 5594 NHANES participants whose BMI was within the normal weight range. Men and women in each race/Hispanic-origin group were then separated into high, medium, and low tertiles based on the difference (residual) between measured and predicted WCI. Characteristics were compared across tertiles; P values for significance were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Results Men and women in the high WCI residual tertile, relative to their BMI and age-equivalent counterparts in the low tertile, had significantly lower activity levels; higher percent trunk and total body fat (e.g. NH white men, X ± SE, 25.3 ± 0.2% compared with 20.4 ± 0.2%); lower percent appendicular lean mass (skeletal muscle) and bone mineral content; and higher plasma insulin and triglycerides, higher homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (e.g. NH white men, 1.45 ± 0.07 compared with 1.08 ± 0.06), and lower plasma HDL cholesterol. Percent leg fat was also significantly higher in men but lower in women. Similar patterns of variable statistical significance were present within sex and race/ethnic groups. Conclusions Cardiometabolic disease risk related to body shape in people who are normal weight according to BMI is characterized by a distinct phenotype that includes potentially modifiable behavioral health risk factors.

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Establishing A Step Per Day to Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Factor Dose-response

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000384332.99951.38 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 253

Author(s):

Shawn S. Rockey ◽

Christopher M. Dorozynski ◽

Steven Bischoff ◽

Derek T. Smith

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Dose Response ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Disease ◽

Disease Risk Factor ◽

Cardiometabolic Disease Risk

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Indigeneity

Anthropology ◽

10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0199 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Paulette F. Steeves

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Indigenous People ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Political Identity ◽

Indigenous Communities ◽

Indigenous Populations ◽

Historical Continuity ◽

Regional Area ◽

The World ◽

The Impact

There are minimally 370 million Indigenous people in the world. The term Indigenous was not used to identify human groups until recently. Indigenous people are often identified as the First People of a specific regional area. Indigeneity as applied to First People came into use in the 1990s, as many colonized communities fought against erasure, genocide, and forced acculturation under colonial regimes. An often-cited definition of Indigenous peoples is one by Jose Martinez Cobo, special rapporteur for the UN Sub-Commission. Cobo’s 1986 report was completed for the United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention and Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, thirty-fifth session, item 12 of the provisional agenda, titled, “Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations.” Cobo described Indigenous people, communities, and nations as groups that have a “historical continuity with pre-colonial societies” within territories they developed, and as communities that “consider themselves distinct from other sectors of societies” now in their territories. Cobo further stressed that Indigenous people and communities are minorities within contemporary populations that work to preserve their ethnic identities and ancestral territories for future generations. It is important to include displaced people whom prior to colonization identified with specific land areas or regional areas as homelands, as well as Indigenous communities that have for decades been in hiding in areas away from their initial homeland areas. Many descendants of Indigenous people were forced to hide their identities for their own safety due to colonization and genocidal policies focused on physical and cultural erasure. That does not make them non-Indigenous. It makes them survivors of genocide, erasure, and forced acculturation. Many Indigenous people are just coming to terms with the impact of ethnic cleansing and the work to reclaim and revive their identities and cultures. Indigenous is both a legal term, and a personal, group, and pan-group identity. Scholars have argued there are at least four thousand Indigenous groups, but that number is likely very low. Indigeneity is not as simple as an opposition to identity erasure or a push back against colonization. Indigeneity is woven through diverse experiences and histories and is often described as a pan-political identity in a postcolonial time. However, that can be misleading, as the world does not yet exist in a postcolonial state, despite ongoing concerted efforts by Indigenous people and their allies in political and academic spheres to decolonize institutions and communities. Diverse Indigenous communities weave Indigeneity through a multifaceted array of space and time to revive identities and cultural practices and to regain or retain land, human rights, heritage, and political standing.

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