scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Types, Methods and Different Regions Related to Water–Energy–Food Nexus

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8276
Author(s):  
Zeyang Bian ◽  
Dan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Scientometric Analysis ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Nexus Analysis

Water, food, and energy are three of the most important resources for long-term survival and development. The term “nexus” is used to underline the need of controlling these primary components collectively rather than separately because they are interconnected and linked. With the purpose of better understanding nexus thinking and showcasing nexus analysis approaches and tools, this study explores the current state of the approach to the water–energy–food relationship, which has gotten a lot of attention in recent years. Water–energy, water–food, water–energy–food, water–energy, and climate are the four forms of nexus. This paper examines a variety of methodologies based on their principal objectives and provides a basic overview of a wide range of currently available methods and instruments for analyzing the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus. According to this study, the quantity of studies on the water–energy–food nexus has increased significantly, as the scientific community’s ability to analyze water, food, and energy interlinkages at a greater resolution. The integration and optimization of this multi-centric nexus is explored, with focus on four regions—Asia, Europe, America, and Africa—as a case study. The WEF nexus should be used in case studies to help illustrate its intricacies. Furthermore, this study builds a methodology and frameworks to find study linkages between water, energy, food, and other components, for a nexus analysis and discuss the major challenges and its solutions. This study also includes a scientometric analysis that looks at the countries and keyword mapping. Furthermore, the study is being planned, with an emphasis on quantitative analysis of the water–energy–food nexus which is helpful for the water security at local and global scale. This study aids in the coordination of research efforts to solve the difficult issues in nexus research and create sustainable and adaptable water, energy, and food systems.

scholarly journals From young massive star clusters to old globulars: long-term survival chances

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (S237) ◽  
pp. 408-408
Author(s):  
Richard de Grijs
Keyword(s):  
Galaxy Formation ◽  
Massive Star ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Star Clusters ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Distant Galaxies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Galaxy Collisions

Young, massive star clusters (YMCs) are the most notable and significant end products of violent star-forming episodes triggered by galaxy collisions and close encounters. The question remains, however, whether or not at least a fraction of the compact YMCs seen in abundance in extragalactic starbursts, are potentially the progenitors of (≳10 Gyr) old globular cluster (GC)-type objects. If we could settle this issue convincingly, one way or the other, the implications of such a result would have far-reaching implications for a wide range of astrophysical questions, including our understanding of the process of galaxy formation and assembly, and the process and conditions required for star (cluster) formation. Because of the lack of a statistically significant sample of YMCs in the Local Group, however, we need to resort to either statistical arguments or to the painstaking approach of case-by-case studies of individual objects in more distant galaxies.

scholarly journals Constitutive expression of bcl-2 in B cells causes a lethal form of lupuslike autoimmune disease after induction of neonatal tolerance to H-2b alloantigens.

1996 ◽  
Vol 183 (6) ◽  
pp. 2523-2531 ◽  
Author(s):  
M López-Hoyos ◽  
R Carrió ◽  
R Merino ◽  
L Buelta ◽  
S Izui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Systemic Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Wide Range

The bcl-2 protooncogene has been shown to provide a survival signal to self-reactive B cells, but it fails to override their developmental arrest after encounter with antigen. Furthermore, constitutive expression of bcl-2 in B cells does not promote the development of autoimmune disease in most strains of mice, indicating that signals other than those conferred by bcl-2 are required for long-term survival and differentiation of self-reactive B cells in vivo. To further examine the factors that are required for the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, we have assessed the effect of bcl-2 overexpression on the development of host-versus-graft disease, a self-limited model of systemic autoimmune disease. In this model, injection of spleen cells from (C57BL/6 x BALB/c)F1 hybrid mice into BALB/c newborn parental mice induces immunological tolerance to donor tissues and activation of autoreactive F1 donor B cells through interactions provided by allogeneic host CD4+ T cells. BALB/c newborns injected with spleen cells from (C57BL/6 x BALB/c)F1 mice expressing a bcl-2 transgene in B cells developed high levels of anti-single-stranded DNA and a wide range of pathogenic autoantibodies that were not or barely detectable in mice injected with nontransgenic spleen cells. In mice injected with transgenic B cells, the levels of pathogenic autoantibodies remained high during the course of the study and were associated with long-term persistence of donor B cells, development of a severe autoimmune disease, and accelerated mortality. These results demonstrate that bcl-2 can provide survival signals for the maintenance and differentiation of autoreactive B cells, and suggest that both increased B cell survival and T cell help play critical roles in the development of certain forms of systemic autoimmune disease.

scholarly journals Analysing the Relationship between Multiple-Timescale SPI and GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage in the Framework of Drought Monitoring

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmelo Cammalleri ◽  
Paulo Barbosa ◽  
Jürgen V. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Drought Monitoring ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Standardised Precipitation Index ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multiple Timescale

The operational monitoring of long-term hydrological droughts is often based on the standardised precipitation index (SPI) for long accumulation periods (i.e., 12 months or longer) as a proxy indicator. This is mainly due to the current lack of near-real-time observations of relevant hydrological quantities, such as groundwater levels or total water storage (TWS). In this study, the correlation between multiple-timescale SPIs (between 1 and 48 months) and GRACE-derived TWS is investigated, with the goals of: (i) evaluating the benefit of including TWS data in a drought monitoring system, and (ii) testing the potential use of SPI as a robust proxy for TWS in the absence of near-real-time measurements of the latter. The main outcomes of this study highlight the good correlation between TWS anomalies (TWSA) and long-term SPI (12, 24 and 48 months), with SPI-12 representing a global-average optimal solution (R = 0.350 ± 0.250). Unfortunately, the spatial variability of the local-optimal SPI underlines the difficulty in reliably capturing the dynamics of TWSA using a single meteorological drought index, at least at the global scale. On the contrary, over a limited area, such as Europe, the SPI-12 is able to capture most of the key traits of TWSA that are relevant for drought studies, including the occurrence of dry extreme values. In the absence of actual TWS observations, the SPI-12 seems to represent a good proxy of long-term hydrological drought over Europe, whereas the wide range of meteorological conditions and complex hydrological processes involved in the transformation of precipitation into TWS seems to limit the possibility of extending this result to the global scale.

scholarly journals Closing the Capacity-Ability Gap: Using Technology to Support Aging With Disability

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy L Mitzner ◽  
Jon A Sanford ◽  
Wendy A Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Great Promise ◽  
User Requirements ◽  
Intervention Model ◽  
Current State ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technology Intervention ◽  
Bridge Models ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract There is a critical need to develop supports for older adults who have a wide range of abilities, including those aging with long-term impairments. Without appropriate support, many individuals will be functioning below optimal levels and will face participation barriers. Technology holds great promise to provide individualized support for a wide range of abilities and for a variety of domains. To ensure technology interventions are designed well and meet research-documented user requirements, we need more specific, actionable models to provide guidance for those developing and designing interventions. In this paper, we present the TechSAge Aging and Disability Model to bridge models from the aging and disability literatures and to disambiguate the population of individuals aging into disability from those aging with disability (i.e., pre-existing impairments). We also present the TechSAge Technology Intervention Model to support aging with pre-existing impairments, which provides direction and touch points for technology interventions. These models reflect the complex and dynamic interaction between age-related changes and an individual’s prior capabilities and limitations. We describe the need for these models with respect to filling a gap in the disability and aging literature by highlighting the importance of differentiating between age-related changes and long-term impairments when designing interventions. We also show the need for quantitative and qualitative data to refine the models given complexities of the current state of the literature and survey data. The TechSAge Technology Intervention Model can be used to drive and inform technology redesign and development.

Applied Perspectives on Pre-Columbian Maya Water Management Systems

2016 ◽  
pp. 505-523
Author(s):  
Christian Isendahl ◽  
Vernon L. Scarborough ◽  
Joel D. Gunn ◽  
Nicholas P. Dunning ◽  
Scott L. Fedick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Water Abundance ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Technological Diversity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Water

Water security is a fundamental global challenge for humanity. Suggesting that scholars, water management engineers, and policy-makers draw from a wide range of examples, this chapter argues that knowledge gained from archaeological research provides unique insights into the long-term function and efficacy of water management systems. This chapter presents six cases of water management systems in the pre-Columbian Maya lowlands, from the Yalahau, Puuc-Nohkakab, Petén Karst Plateau, and Belize River Valley subregions, that demonstrate significant variation; a product of the interplay between social, political, and economic factors and hydrological regimes. The analysis suggests four insights relevant for current water security concerns: (1) water management systems are characterized by a diversity of solutions, (2) water scarcity promotes increased management investments that result in long-term vulnerability, (3) water abundance does not require complex management systems but increases the risk for mismanagement, and (4) institutional and technological diversity provide flexibility and greater security.

scholarly journals Current State of Vascular Resections in Pancreatic Cancer Surgery

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilo Hackert ◽  
Lutz Schneider ◽  
Markus W. Büchler
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Adjuvant Treatment ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Neoadjuvant Treatment ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Western World ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival ◽  
Current State

Pancreatic cancer (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the Western world and, even in 2014, a therapeutic challenge. The only chance for long-term survival is radical surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy which can be performed in about 20% of all PDAC patients by the time of diagnosis. As pancreatic surgery has significantly changed during the past years, extended operations, including vascular resections, have become more frequently performed in specialized centres and the border of resectability has been pushed forward to achieve a potentially curative approach in the respective patients in combination with neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment strategies. In contrast to adjuvant treatment which has to be regarded as a cornerstone to achieve long-term survival after resection, neoadjuvant treatment strategies for locally advanced findings are currently under debate. This overview summarizes the possibilities and evidence of vascular, namely, venous and arterial, resections in PDAC surgery.

scholarly journals Global challenges and the formation of the digital economy: current state, security problems, development trends

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
Natalya Lytnyeva ◽  
Sergey Voronov ◽  
Natalia Kidanova
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
State Security ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Basis

At present, the issues of economic security seem to be relevant both for the economic development of the state and for complex scientific research. A wide range of the vital activities of society includes indicators that reflect the potential threats that can be encountered by economic agents. The problem of economic security is now becoming increasingly important, and this in turn is caused by the rapid development of a diversified alternative economy that uses the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress. It is quite difficult to predict the development of the country’s economy in the long term when the current challenges and threats are not taken into account. That is why in the information age, where information technology is the main basis for conducting economic activity, and information security is one of the main directions of state development, while the state itself acts as an economic institution. Therefore, the development of the digital economy in Russia poses both opportunities and significant threats.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and long-term outcome in outpatients with chronic heart failure in Northwestern Europe

Heart ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (16) ◽  
pp. 1252-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Fröhlich ◽  
Niklas Rosenfeld ◽  
Tobias Täger ◽  
Kevin Goode ◽  
Syed Kazmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ambulatory Patients

ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology, long-term outcomes and temporal trends in mortality in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure (HF) with reduced (HFrEF), mid-range (HFmrEF) or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) from three European countries.MethodsWe identified 10 312 patients from the Norwegian HF Registry and the HF registries of the universities of Heidelberg, Germany, and Hull, UK. Patients were classified according to baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and time of enrolment (period 1: 1995–2005 vs period 2: 2006–2015). Predictors of mortality were analysed by use of univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses.ResultsAmong 10 312 patients with stable HF, 7080 (68.7%), 2086 (20.2%) and 1146 (11.1%) were classified as having HFrEF, HFmrEF or HFpEF, respectively. A total of 4617 (44.8%) patients were included in period 1, and 5695 (55.2%) patients were included in period 2. Baseline characteristics significantly differed with respect to type of HF and time of enrolment. During a median follow-up of 66 (33–105) months, 5297 patients (51.4%) died. In multivariable analyses, survival was independent of LVEF category (p>0.05), while mortality was lower in period 2 as compared with period 1 (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.91, p<0.001). Significant predictors of all-cause mortality regardless of HF category were increasing age, New York Heart Association functional class, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and use of loop diuretics.ConclusionAmbulatory patients with HF stratified by LVEF represent different phenotypes. However, after adjusting for a wide range of covariates, long-term survival is independent of LVEF category. Outcome significantly improved during the last two decades irrespective from type of HF.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Use of the Ketogenic Diet in Refractory Epilepsy: What We Know and What Still Needs to Be Learned

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2616
Author(s):  
Iwona Maria Zarnowska
Keyword(s):  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Refractory Epilepsy ◽  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Modified Atkins Diet ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
The Brain

Ketogenic diet (KD) has been used to treat epilepsy for 100 years. It is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and sufficient-protein-for-growth diet that mimics the metabolic changes occurring during starvation. Except for classic KD, its modified counterparts, including modified Atkins diet and low-glycemic-index treatment, have gained grounds to increase palatability and adherence. Strong evidence exists that the KD offers protection against seizures in difficult-to-treat epilepsy and possesses long-lasting anti-epileptic activity, improving long-term disease outcome. The KD can also provide symptomatic and disease-modifying activity in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. In an era of highly available new anti-seizure medications (ASMs), the challenge of refractory epilepsy has still not been solved. This metabolic therapy is increasingly considered due to unique mechanisms and turns out to be a powerful tool in the hands of a skillful team. Despite decades of extensive research to explain the mechanism of its efficacy, the precise mechanism of action is to date still largely unknown. The key feature of this successful diet is the fact that energy is derived largely from fat but not from carbohydrates. Consequently, fundamental change occurs regarding the method of energy production that causes alterations in numerous biochemical pathways, thus restoring energetic and metabolic homeostasis of the brain. There are barriers during the use of this special and individualized therapy in many clinical settings worldwide. The aim of this review is to revisit the current state of the art of therapeutic application of KD in refractory epilepsy.

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