scholarly journals Potential Use of Untreated Wastewater for Assessing COVID-19 Trends in Southern Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10278
Author(s):  
Osvalda De Giglio ◽  
Francesco Triggiano ◽  
Francesca Apollonio ◽  
Giusy Diella ◽  
Fabrizio Fasano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Wastewater Sample ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Health Organization

As a complement to clinical disease surveillance, the monitoring of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater can be used as an early warning system for impending epidemics. This study investigated the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater with respect to the trend of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevalence in Southern Italy. A total of 210 wastewater samples were collected between May and November 2020 from 15 Apulian wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The samples were concentrated in accordance with the standard of World Health Organization (WHO, Geneva, Switzerland) procedure for Poliovirus sewage surveillance, and molecular analysis was undertaken with real-time reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-(q) PCR). Viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) was found in 12.4% (26/210) of the samples. The virus concentration in the positive samples ranged from 8.8 × 102 to 6.5 × 104 genome copies/L. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve modeling showed that at least 11 cases/100,000 inhabitants would occur after a wastewater sample was found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 (sensitivity = 80%, specificity = 80.9%). To our knowledge, this is the first study in Italy that has applied wastewater-based epidemiology to predict COVID-19 prevalence. Further studies regarding methods that include all variables (meteorological phenomena, characteristics of the WWTP, etc.) affecting this type of wastewater surveillance data would be useful to improve data interpretation.

scholarly journals First detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in wastewater samples by mass spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Lara-Jacobo ◽  
Golam Islam ◽  
Jean-Paul Desaulniers ◽  
Andrea Kirkwood ◽  
Denina Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biomolecule Detection ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Proteomics Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. COVID-19 is produced by a novel β-coronavirus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. Several studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine, feces, and other biofluids from both symptomatic and asymptomatic people with COVID-19 [2], suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected in human wastewater [3]. Thus, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is now used as an approach to monitor COVID-19 prevalence in many different places around the world [4-10] . Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most common SARS-CoV-2 detection method in WBE, but there are other methods for viral biomolecule detection that could work as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in untreated wastewater (WW) influents collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), from Durham Region, Ontario, Canada, using a LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach. We identified many SARS-CoV-2 proteins in these wastewater samples, with peptides from pp1ab being the most consistently detected and with consistent abundance.

scholarly journals First detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in wastewater samples by mass spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Lara-Jacobo ◽  
Golam Islam ◽  
Jean-Paul Desaulniers ◽  
Andrea Kirkwood ◽  
Denina Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biomolecule Detection ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Proteomics Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. COVID-19 is produced by a novel β-coronavirus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. Several studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine, feces, and other biofluids from both symptomatic and asymptomatic people with COVID-19 [2], suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected in human wastewater [3]. Thus, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is now used as an approach to monitor COVID-19 prevalence in many different places around the world [4-10] . Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most common SARS-CoV-2 detection method in WBE, but there are other methods for viral biomolecule detection that could work as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in untreated wastewater (WW) influents collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), from Durham Region, Ontario, Canada, using a LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach. We identified many SARS-CoV-2 proteins in these wastewater samples, with peptides from pp1ab being the most consistently detected and with consistent abundance.

scholarly journals First detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in wastewater samples by mass spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Lara-Jacobo ◽  
Golam Islam ◽  
Jean-Paul Desaulniers ◽  
Andrea Kirkwood ◽  
Denina Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biomolecule Detection ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Proteomics Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. COVID-19 is produced by a novel β-coronavirus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. Several studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine, feces, and other biofluids from both symptomatic and asymptomatic people with COVID-19 [2], suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected in human wastewater [3]. Thus, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is now used as an approach to monitor COVID-19 prevalence in many different places around the world [4-10]. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most common SARS-CoV-2 detection method in WBE, but there are other methods for viral biomolecule detection that could work as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in untreated wastewater (WW) influents collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), from Durham Region, Ontario, Canada, using a LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach. We identified many SARS-CoV-2 proteins in these wastewater samples, with peptides from pp1ab being the most consistently detected and with consistent abundance.

scholarly journals First detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in wastewater samples by mass spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Lara-Jacobo ◽  
Golam Islam ◽  
Jean-Paul Desaulniers ◽  
Andrea Kirkwood ◽  
Denina Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biomolecule Detection ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Proteomics Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. COVID-19 is produced by a novel β-coronavirus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. Several studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine, feces, and other biofluids from both symptomatic and asymptomatic people with COVID-19 [2], suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected in human wastewater [3]. Thus, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is now used as an approach to monitor COVID-19 prevalence in many different places around the world [4-10]. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most common SARS-CoV-2 detection method in WBE, but there are other methods for viral biomolecule detection that could work as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in untreated wastewater (WW) influents collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), from Durham Region, Ontario, Canada, using a LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach. We identified many SARS-CoV-2 proteins in these wastewater samples, with peptides from pp1ab being the most consistently detected and with consistent abundance.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating in northern Italy since December 2019: evidence from environmental monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppina La Rosa ◽  
Pamela Mancini ◽  
Giusy Bonanno Ferraro ◽  
Carolina Veneri ◽  
Marcello Iaconelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACTSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease COVID-19, a public health emergency worldwide, and Italy is among the world’s first and most severely affected countries. The first autochthonous Italian case of COVID-19 was documented on February 21. We investigated the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Italy earlier than that date, by analysing 40 composite influent wastewater samples collected - in the framework of other wastewater-based epidemiology projects - between October 2019 and February 2020 from five wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) in three cities and regions in northern Italy (Milan/Lombardy, Turin/Piedmont and Bologna/Emilia Romagna). Twenty-four additional samples collected in the same WTPs between September 2018 and June 2019 were included as blank samples. Viral concentration was performed according to the standard World Health Organization procedure for poliovirus sewage surveillance. Molecular analysis was undertaken with both nested RT-PCR and real-rime RT-PCR assays. A total of 15 positive samples were confirmed by both methods. Of these, 8 were collected before the first autochthonous Italian case. The earliest dates back to 18 December 2019 in Milan and Turin and 29 January 2020 in Bologna. Samples collected in January and February in the three cities were also positive.Our results demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 was already circulating in northern Italy at the end of 2019. Moreover, it was circulating in different geographic regions simultaneously, which changes our previous understanding of the geographical circulation of the virus in Italy. Our study highlights once again the importance of environmental surveillance as an early warning system, to monitor the levels of virus circulating in the population and identify outbreaks even before cases are notified to the healthcare system.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Characterization of a liquid Effluent from a Refinery

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1779-1782
Author(s):  
J.O. Osuoha ◽  
E.O. Nwaichi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Sample ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Total Hydrocarbon ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

The physicochemical profile of wastewater from a Refinery in the Niger Delta was evaluated to ascertain efficiency of wastewater treatment methods applied using standard analytical methods. In all samples, temperature ranged between 26.45 – 28.65 º C while the pH values of the untreated and treated wastewater samples were 8.39 ± 0.04 and 7. 82 ± 0.02 respectively. Total dissolved solids and observed total hydrocarbon levels gave maximum values of 172 mg/L and 11.35 mg/L respectively. The turbidity values for untreated and treated wastewater samples were 7.55 ± 0.08 and 3.49 ± 0.01 NTU respectively. The results revealed that the untreated wastewater sample had a higher concentration of phenol (28.46 ± 1.23) when compared to those (9.34 ± 0.89) of the treated wastewater sample while the cyanide content was relatively higher when compared to the limits set by World Health Organization for such effluents. Although substantial improvements were obvious in some water quality indices with treatment, high concentration of major effluent pollutants, phenol and total hydrocarbon content in the treated wastewater is indication of ineptitude in the effluent management system and calls for immediate intervention Keywords: Refinery effluent; Water treatment; Contaminants in wastewater; Water quality.

scholarly journals Circulation and Molecular Epidemiology of Enteroviruses in Paralyzed, Immunodeficient and Healthy Individuals in Tunisia, a Country with a Polio-Free Status for Decades

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Anissa Chouikha ◽  
Dorra Rezig ◽  
Nadia Driss ◽  
Ichrak Abdelkhalek ◽  
Ahlem Ben Yahia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Warning System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Type 3

This report is an overview of enterovirus (EV) detection in Tunisian polio-suspected paralytic cases (acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases), healthy contacts and patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) during an 11-year period. A total of 2735 clinical samples were analyzed for EV isolation and type identification, according to the recommended protocols of the World Health Organization. Three poliovirus (PV) serotypes and 28 different nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were detected. The NPEV detection rate was 4.3%, 2.8% and 12.4% in AFP cases, healthy contacts and PID patients, respectively. The predominant species was EV-B, and the circulation of viruses from species EV-A was noted since 2011. All PVs detected were of Sabin origin. The PV detection rate was higher in PID patients compared to AFP cases and contacts (6.8%, 1.5% and 1.3% respectively). PV2 was not detected since 2015. Using nucleotide sequencing of the entire VP1 region, 61 strains were characterized as Sabin-like. Among them, six strains of types 1 and 3 PV were identified as pre-vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). Five type 2 PV, four strains belonging to type 1 PV and two strains belonging to type 3 PV, were classified as iVDPVs. The data presented provide a comprehensive picture of EVs circulating in Tunisia over an 11-year period, reveal changes in their epidemiology as compared to previous studies and highlight the need to set up a warning system to avoid unnoticed PVs.

scholarly journals Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A Roberts ◽  
Linda K Hobday ◽  
Aishah Ibrahim ◽  
Bruce R Thorley
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Performance Criterion ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Enterovirus A71 ◽  
Clinical Surveillance ◽  
Health Organization

Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2017, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.33 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. Three non-polio enteroviruses, coxsackievirus B1, echovirus 11 and enterovirus A71, were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia established enterovirus and environmental surveillance systems to complement the clinical system focussed on children and an ambiguous vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 was isolated from sewage in Melbourne. In 2017, 22 cases of wild polio were reported with three countries remaining endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan.

scholarly journals Assessing Insecticide Resistance in Adult Mosquitoes: Perspectives on Current Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117863022095279
Author(s):  
Stephanie L Richards ◽  
Brian D Byrd ◽  
Michael H Reiskind ◽  
Avian V White
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Level Training

Mosquito insecticide resistance (IR) is a growing global issue that must be addressed to protect public health. Vector control programs (VCPs) should regularly monitor local mosquito populations for IR and plan control measures accordingly. In some cases, state/federal resources financially support this testing with expertise and/or training programs. Standardization of methods (eg, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassay, World Health Organization tube testing, dose-mortality bioassay) for monitoring IR must be prioritized. One solution is regional hubs of IR monitoring at the state or other level. Training programs on methodology and interpretation of results should be developed and routinely offered to local VCPs conducting IR testing in mosquitoes. Here, current methods for assessing mosquito IR are discussed and insights into a variety of questions from VCPs are considered. It is critical that methods for IR monitoring and data interpretation are standardized through routine training, with the goal of evidence-driven decision making to improve control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne disease.

scholarly journals Challenges Facing the Chinese Health Care System

2020 ◽  
pp. 101053952096846
Author(s):  
Kaixuan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Care System

The purposes of this article are to explore the challenges the Chinese health care system will be facing in the next decade. The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) having infected more than 90 000 persons in China (Source: World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus Disease Dashboard) again reveals the weaknesses of the fragmental health care system. Over the past 3 decades, increasing out-of-pocket spending on health care, increasing mortality rate of chronic disease, growing disparities between rural and urban populations, the defectiveness of disease surveillance system, and disease outbreak response system have been pressing Chinese authorities for action. As this country has experienced an unprecedented economic growth along with an unparalleled development of health care system in the past 3 decades, the challenges ahead are unavoidably numerous and complex.

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