scholarly journals External Exposure to BTEX, Internal Biomarker Response, and Health Risk Assessment of Nonoccupational Populations near a Coking Plant in Southwest China

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
Ning Qin ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhu ◽  
Yan Zhong ◽  
Jing Tian ◽  
Jihua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Muconic Acid ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Biomarker Response ◽  
Benzene Concentration ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Xylene Isomers ◽  
The Mean

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) have raised increasing concern due to their adverse effects on human health. In this study, a coking factory and four communities nearby were selected as the research area. Atmospheric BTEX samples were collected and determined by a preconcentrator GC–MS method. Four biomarkers in the morning urine samples of 174 participants from the communities were measured by LC–MS. The health risks of BTEX exposure via inhalation were estimated. This study aimed to investigate the influence of external BTEX exposure on the internal biomarker levels and quantitatively evaluate the health risk of populations near the coking industry. The results showed that the average total BTEX concentration in residential area was 7.17 ± 7.24 μg m−3. Trans,trans-muconic acid (T,T-MA) was the urinary biomarker with the greatest average level (127 ± 285 μg g−1 crt). Similar spatial trends can be observed between atmospheric benzene concentration and internal biomarker levels. The mean values of the LCR for male and female residents were 2.15 × 10−5 and 2.05 × 10−5, respectively. The results of the risk assessment indicated that special attention was required for the non-occupational residents around the area.

scholarly journals Arsenic Contamination and Associated Health Risk (Brief Review)

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astha Kumari ◽  
N. S. Maurya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Arsenic Contamination ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Arsenic

The health risk assessment of residents consuming groundwater with high arsenic concentrations has attracted widespread concern. This study therefore is aimed at providing a framework to evaluate the risks imposed to local residents of Simaria Patti Ojha village of Bhojpur district, Bihar. Results showed that the mean values of ADD, HQ and CR were 5.1 µg/(Kg Day) (PTDI- 2.1 µg/(Kg Day), 5-17 (safe range <1) and 0.002-0.007(tolerable range, 10-6-10-4), respectively. Carcinogenic risk value was found as 4.7 × 10-3 around 100 times higher than safe range of 10−6–10−4, indicating high risks to the local residents. Hence, this study will help in suggesting suitable implementation measures on ground to deal with the risk of arsenic contamination and diseases caused due to its prolonged exposure.

scholarly journals Human Health Risk Assessment and Potentially Harmful Element Contents in the Fruits Cultivated in the Southern Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 5096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Berry Fruits

The presence of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in popularly consumed fruits in Poland was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sb, Tl, and Zn contents were investigated in 21 fruit species grouped as berry, pome, stone, and shell fruits. The PHE contents belonged to the following ranges (mg/kg wet weight): Cd < limit of detection (LOD)–0.116, Co < LOD–0.062, Cu < LOD–15.5, Ni < LOD–2.23, Pb < LOD–2.07, Sb < LOD–0.240, Tl < LOD–0.110, and Zn 0.37–37.7. Their concentrations exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) set by European Union regulation for Pb only. Bioconcentration coefficient (BC) values, calculated in accordance to the PHE contents in exchangeable and acid soluble forms in soil after first step of the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure, revealed that berry fruits had potential for accumulation of Cu, Ni, Sb, and Tl; stone fruits—Cu, Sb, and Tl; pome fruits—Cu, Ni, and Sb, and shell fruit (walnut)—Cu. Human health risk assessment associated with the intake of PHEs in fruits was evaluated in terms of daily intake rates (DIR), and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk by cancer risk (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ), respectively. For Pb margin of exposure (MOE) approach was used for health risk evaluation. Daily intake rates for all PHEs were below the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) values. The mean total non-carcinogenic risk values were the following: berry fruits HQ = 0.47, pome fruits HQ = 0.36, stone fruits HQ = 0.42, and shell fruits (walnut) HQ = 0.22, indicating no health hazards. The carcinogenic risk for As in walnut only under an adult intake scenario (CR = 1.98 × 10−6) was found to be above the acceptable risk level. The mean Pb health risk, according to Polish statistical intake rates, was acceptable low as the MOE value was equal to 15.7 for adults. In reference to the intake rates recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), MOE values for Pb indicated acceptable low risk both for adults (MOE = 14.0) and children (MOE = 1.64). In general, the finding of this research revealed no health risk arising from PHE consumption with fruits for the population of Poland.

Health risk assessment of exposure to ambient concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene in Pretoria West, South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo ◽  
Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu ◽  
Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola ◽  
Jacobus Christoffel Engelbrecht
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Ambient Concentrations ◽  
Benzene Toluene

scholarly journals Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables and health risk assessment of inhabitants in Daye, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 3374-3387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Yang ◽  
Silu Ma ◽  
Jingcheng Zhou ◽  
Yongwei Song ◽  
Fei Li
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Metal Contamination ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Reference Area ◽  
Affected Area ◽  
The Mean

Objective This study was performed to evaluate the state of heavy metal contamination in soil and vegetables and assess the health risk of inhabitants in the mine-affected area and area far from the mine (reference area) in Daye, China. Methods The heavy metal concentrations in soil and vegetable samples were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Residents’ exposure parameters were obtained through a questionnaire survey. A health risk assessment model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency was used to evaluate the residents’ risk of oral exposure. Results The copper, lead, cadmium, and arsenic concentrations in soil and in vegetables were higher in the mine-affected area than in the reference area. The health risk of residents in the reference area was within the acceptable range (hazard index < 1, carcinogen risk < 10−4). In the contaminated area, however, the mean hazard index was 2.25 for children and 3.00 for adults, and the mean carcinogen risk was 4.749 × 10−4 for children and 0.587 × 10−4 for adults. Conclusions Potential health risks exist for inhabitants near the mine area. Cadmium and arsenic should be paid more attention as risk sources.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment for the Exposure of Workers to BTEX at the Gasoline Stations

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thanh Giao ◽  
Phan Kim Anh ◽  
Huynh Thi Hong Nhien
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Life Time ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gasoline Station ◽  
Toxic Gases ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

The study was conducted to assess the health risks of workers due to exposure to toxic gases including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m, p-xylene, o-xylene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde at gasoline retail stations. In this study, data on the  concentrations of the toxic gases were collected from the previously published studies in the qualified scientific journals. The health risk assessment was followed by the process of the United States Environment Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The results show that the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m, p-xylene, o-xylene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde were in the range of 12.40 - 357.5, 12.47 - 574.17, 2.05 - 156.5, 4.57 - 218, 2.36 - 77.04, 3.64 - 153.93 and 1.27- 27.83 µg/m3 , respectively. Life time cancer risk for gasoline station workers due to exposure to benzene, ethylbenzene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde was calculated in the ranges of 2.13x10-5 - 6.14x10-4 , 4.96x10-7 - 3.79x10-5 , 4.81x10-6 - 2.03x10-4 , and 7.99x10-7 - 1.75x10-5 , respectively. For non-carcinogenic  compounds, the hazard index due to benzene, toluene, m, p-xylene, o-xylene were respectively in the range of 0.13 - 3.81, 7.97x10-4 -  0.04, 0.01 - 0.70 and 0.01 - 0.25. The findings revealed that there is high risk of cancer and non-cancer for the workers working at the gasolines stations if they are not taking good preventive measures. The calculation showed that the limit levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde should be reduced to 5.82x10-4 , 15.64, 4.13x10- 3 , 0.31, 7.57x10-4 and 1.59x10-3 mg/m3 , respectively to meet the safety levels for the workers at the gasoline stations. Keywords: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, life-time cancer risk, health

scholarly journals NOX AND VOC MEASUREMENTS AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT IN AN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IN DURBAN

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Cookson' ◽  
A Royall ◽  
R Diab ◽  
M Binedell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Significant Health

A previous study by Muller et al. (2003) investigated NOx, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene levels in households in the densely settled informal settlement of Cato Crest located within the Durban Metropolitan area. AHealth Risk Assessment based on the United States EPA approach showed that the residents of Cato Crest experienced significant health risks as a result of exposure to these pollutants largely as a result of kerosene usage in their homes. Specifically, the study which was conducted in September 2000 in 14 households, showed that exposure to NOx over a 24-hour period indicated a potential health risk in all the households, that benzene poses a health risk in 50% of the households, whereas there is no health risk associated with exposure to toluene. A follow-up study was conducted in July 2006 targeting similar households and pollutants to investigate whether comparable results were found in a typical winter period, when air quality is generally expected to deteriorate.

scholarly journals Human risk assessment of benzene after a gasoline station fuel leak

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam dos Anjos Santos ◽  
Bruno Esteves Tavora ◽  
Sergio Koide ◽  
Eloisa Dutra Caldas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Gasoline Station ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
The Mean

OBJECTIVE: To assess the health risk of exposure to benzene for a community affected by a fuel leak. METHODS: Data regarding the fuel leak accident with, which occurred in the Brasilia, Federal District, were obtained from the Fuel Distributor reports provided to the environmental authority. Information about the affected population (22 individuals) was obtained from focal groups of eight individuals. Length of exposure and water benzene concentration were estimated through a groundwater flow model associated with a benzene propagation model. The risk assessment was conducted according to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry methodology. RESULTS: A high risk perception related to the health consequences of the accident was evident in the affected community (22 individuals), probably due to the lack of assistance and a poor risk communication from government authorities and the polluting agent. The community had been exposed to unsafe levels of benzene (> 5 µg/L) since December 2001, five months before they reported the leak. The mean benzene level in drinking water (72.2 µg/L) was higher than that obtained by the Fuel Distributer using the Risk Based Corrective Action methodology (17.2 µg/L).The estimated benzene intake from the consumption of water and food reached a maximum of 0.0091 µg/kg bw/day (5 x 10-7 cancer risk per 106 individuals). The level of benzene in water vapor while showering reached 7.5 µg/m3 for children (1 per 104 cancer risk). Total cancer risk ranged from 110 to 200 per 106 individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The population affected by the fuel leak was exposed to benzene levels that might have represented a health risk. Local government authorities need to develop better strategies to respond rapidly to these types of accidents to protect the health of the affected population and the environment.

scholarly journals Levels of some chemical species in water of boreholes situated near dumpsites in Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-211
Author(s):  
Nwoke IB ◽  
Edori ES
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rivers State

The concentration of six chemical species Pb, Cd, As, nitrates, fluorides and sulphates in the groundwater (borehole) samples were investigated in four boreholes sited close to a dumpsite in Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Nitrates, fluorides and sulphates were analyzed using standard conventional methods while the heavy metals were determined and analyzed with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean values obtained for the different chemical species within the months of investigation for the stations were in the range: lead; 0.012±0.001-0.015±0.000mg/L, with an average of 0.013±0.001mg/L within the months, Cd; 0.004±0.002-0.005±0.001mg/L, with an average of 0.005±0.001mg/L within the months, As; 0.002±0.001-0.003±0.002mg/L, with an average of 0.003±0.001mg/L within the months, nitrates; 0.413±0.172-0.730±0.691mg/L, with an average of 0.511±0.139mg/L within the months, fluorides; 0.004±0.001-0.006±0.001mg/L, with an average of 0.005±0.001mg/L within the months and sulphates; 0.197±0.046-0.338±0.072mg/L, with an average of 0.290±0.055mg/L within the months. These values obtained for the different chemical species showed that the boreholes sited near the dumpsite were still at the level that will not pose any health risk to the user, for their concentrations were still within limits allowed by WHO and USEPA. Even though the government and its agencies should regulate the mode of dumping of refuse and also the siting of boreholes so that the groundwater will not be polluted.

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