scholarly journals The Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Female Fertility: A Review of the Literature

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 984
Author(s):  
Andreea Carp-Veliscu ◽  
Claudia Mehedintu ◽  
Francesca Frincu ◽  
Elvira Bratila ◽  
Simona Rasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Ovarian Reserve ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Review Of The Literature

As the coronavirus pandemic is far from ending, more questions regarding the female reproductive system, particularly fertility issues, arise. The purpose of this paper is to bring light upon the possible link between COVID-19 and women’s reproductive health. This review emphasizes the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the hormones, endometrium and menstrual cycle, ovarian reserve, follicular fluid, oocytes, and embryos. The results showed that endometrial samples did not express SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Regarding the menstrual cycle, there is a large range of alterations, but they were all reversible within the following months. The ovarian reserve was not significantly affected in patients recovering from both mild and severe infection in most cases, except one, where the levels of AMH were significantly lower and basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were increased. All COVID-19 recovered patients had positive levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the follicular fluid. The amount of retrieved and mature oocytes and the fertilization rate were unharmed in three studies, except for one study, where the quantity of retrieved and mature oocytes was reduced in patients with higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The numbers of blastocysts, top-quality embryos, and euploid embryos were affected in most of the studies reviewed.

CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF PITUITARY AND STEROID HORMONES IN THE FOLLICULAR FLUID OF HUMAN GRAAFIAN FOLLICLES THROUGHOUT THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. McNATTY ◽  
W. M. HUNTER ◽  
A. S. McNEILLY ◽  
R. S. SAWERS
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

SUMMARY The concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in peripheral plasma and follicular fluid of women throughout the menstrual cycle. With the exception of prolactin, concentrations of pituitary and steroid hormones in follicular fluid correlated with those in peripheral plasma. Follicle-stimulating hormone was present in a greater number of small follicles ( < 8 mm) during or just after the peaks of FSH in peripheral plasma. During the mid-follicular phase the concentration of both FSH and oestradiol in fluid from large follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) was high. During the late follicular phase the large follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) contained high amounts of progesterone in addition to oestradiol, low physiological levels of prolactin, and concentrations of LH and FSH about 30 and 60% respectively of those found in plasma. By contrast no large 'active' follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) were found during the luteal phase although many contained both LH and FSH. Luteinizing hormone was present in a proportion of small follicles ( < 8 mm) during the late follicular and early luteal but not at other stages of the menstrual cycle. It is suggested that a precise sequence of hormonal changes occur within the microenvironment of the developing Graafian follicle; the order in which they occur may be of considerable importance for the growth of that follicle and secretory activity of the granulosa cells both before and after ovulation.

scholarly journals Follicle stimulating hormone measured in unextracted urine throughout the menstrual cycle correlates with age and ovarian reserve

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. E. Oosterhuis ◽  
I. Vermes ◽  
H. W.B. Michgelsen ◽  
J. Schoemaker ◽  
C. B. Lambalk
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Ovarian Reserve ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE, ANDROSTENEDIONE AND OESTRADIOL IN HUMAN FOLLICULAR FLUID

1978 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. MCNATTY ◽  
D. T. BAIRD
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Human Follicular Fluid ◽  
Significant Linear Correlation ◽  
Human Ovaries ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

The concentrations of FSH, oestradiol and androstenedione in the follicular fluid of normal and cystic human follicles were measured at different stages of the menstrual cycle. In addition, the number of granulosa cells in the follicles was determined. In follicles in which FSH was detectable, the concentration of oestradiol was greater than that of androstenedione, irrespective of the stage of the cycle. In contrast, in those follicles in which FSH was undetectable and in all cystic follicles irrespective of the level of FSH, the concentration of androstenedione was greater than that of oestradiol. In follicles containing FSH there was a highly significant linear correlation between the number of granulosa cells and the concentration of follicular oestradiol (P < 0·001). It is suggested that in human ovaries up to 90% of the oestradiol in follicular fluid may originate from the granulosa cells.

OVARIAN SECRETION RATES OF OESTROGENS, ANDROGENS AND PROGESTERONE IN NORMAL WOMEN AND IN WOMEN WITH PERSISTENT OVARIAN FOLLICLES

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. de Jong ◽  
D. T. Baird ◽  
H. J. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Quantitative Contribution ◽  
Secretion Rates ◽  
Venous Plasma

ABSTRACT The concentrations of oestradiol-17β, oestrone, androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and progesterone were measured in ovarian venous plasma from one or both ovaries in 4 normal women during different stages of the menstrual cycle and in 4 women with persistent ovarian follicles. In addition the steroid concentrations in peripheral plasma and follicular fluid were estimated. All steroids mentioned, with the exception of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, were secreted by the ovaries. The concentrations of oestradiol-17β, oestrone, androstenedione and progesterone were higher in the venous plasma from the ovary containing the developing follicle or corpus luteum than in venous plasma from the contralateral ovary. There was a good correlation between ovarian secretion of the oestrogenic steroids and androstenedione. Finally, the quantitative contribution of the ovarian secretion to the blood production rates of the androgens and progesterone was calculated. The only contributions exceeding 20 % of the blood production rate were those of progesterone and androstenedione during the second half of the cycle.

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