scholarly journals The Chemical Transformation of the Cellular Toxin INT (2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-5-(Phenyl) Tetrazolium Chloride) as an Indicator of Prior Respiratory Activity in Aquatic Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josué Villegas-Mendoza ◽  
Ramón Cajal-Medrano ◽  
Helmut Maske
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Respiration ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Tetrazolium Salt ◽  
Aquatic Bacteria ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Marine Microbial Communities

In the ocean, the prokaryote respiration rates dominate the oxidation of organics, but the measurements may be biased due to pre-incubation size filtration and long incubation times. To overcome these difficulties, proxies for microbial respiration rates have been proposed, such as the in vitro and in vivo estimation of electron transport system rates (ETS) based on the reduction of tetrazolium salts. INT (2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-5-(Phenyl) Tetrazolium Chloride) is the most commonly applied tetrazolium salt, although it is toxic on time scales of less than 1 h for prokaryotes. This toxicity invalidates the interpretation of the rate of in vivo INT reduction to formazan as a proxy for oxygen consumption rates. We found that with aquatic bacteria, the amount of reduced INT (F; µmol/L formazan) showed excellent relation with the respiration rates prior to INT addition (R; O2 µmol/L/hr), using samples of natural marine microbial communities and cultures of bacteria (V. harveyi) in batch and continuous cultures. We are here relating a physiological rate with the reductive potential of the poisoned cell with units of concentration. The respiration rate in cultures is well related to the cellular potential of microbial cells to reduce INT, despite the state of intoxication.

In vitro and in vivo screening for cold tolerance in winter × spring wheat-derived doubled haploids following the wheat × maize system

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-282
Author(s):  
S. Sharma ◽  
H. Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Doubled Haploid ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Dh Lines ◽  
Ttc Test

Seventy-eight doubled haploid (DH) lines, derived from 21 elite and diverse winter × spring wheat F 1 hybrids, following the wheat × maize system, were screened along with the parental genotypes under in vitro and in vivo conditions for cold tolerance. Under in vitro conditions, the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) test was used to characterize the genotypes for cold tolerance. Based on the TTC test, only one doubled haploid, DH 69, was characterized as cold-tolerant, seven DH and five winter wheat parents were moderately tolerant, while the rest were susceptible. Analysis of variance under in vivo conditions also indicated the presence of sufficient genetic variability among the genotypes (DH lines + parents) for all the yield-contributing traits under study. The correlation and path analysis studies underlined the importance of indirect selection for tillers per plant, harvest index and grains per spike in order to improve grain yield. It was also concluded that selection should not be practised for grain weight per spike as it would adversely affect the grain yield per plant. When comparing the field performance of the genotypes with the in vitro screening parameters, it was concluded that in addition to the TTC test, comprising a single parameter, other physiological and biochemical in vitro parameters should be identified, which clearly distinguish between cold-tolerant and susceptible genotypes and also correlate well with their performance under field conditions.

scholarly journals Maturation of the Mammalian Respiratory System

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérard Hilaire ◽  
Bernard Duron
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Pacemaker Neurons ◽  
Inhibitory Processes ◽  
Respiratory Rhythmogenesis ◽  
Respiratory Network ◽  
Network Functions

In this review, the maturational changes occurring in the mammalian respiratory network from fetal to adult ages are analyzed. Most of the data presented were obtained on rodents using in vitro approaches. In gestational day 18 (E18) fetuses, this network functions but is not yet able to sustain a stable respiratory activity, and most of the neonatal modulatory processes are not yet efficient. Respiratory motoneurons undergo relatively little cell death, and even if not yet fully mature at E18, they are capable of firing sustained bursts of potentials. Endogenous serotonin exerts a potent facilitation on the network and appears to be necessary for the respiratory rhythm to be expressed. In E20 fetuses and neonates, the respiratory activity has become quite stable. Inhibitory processes are not yet necessary for respiratory rhythmogenesis, and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains inspiratory bursting pacemaker neurons that seem to constitute the kernel of the network. The activity of the network depends on CO2 and pH levels, via cholinergic relays, as well as being modulated at both the RVLM and motoneuronal levels by endogenous serotonin, substance P, and catecholamine mechanisms. In adults, the inhibitory processes become more important, but the RVLM is still a crucial area. The neonatal modulatory processes are likely to continue during adulthood, but they are difficult to investigate in vivo. In conclusion, 1) serotonin, which greatly facilitates the activity of the respiratory network at all developmental ages, may at least partly define its maturation; 2) the RVLM bursting pacemaker neurons may be the kernel of the network from E20 to adulthood, but their existence and their role in vivo need to be further confirmed in both neonatal and adult mammals.

Metabolically induced permeability changes across mesothelium and endothelium

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Cascarano ◽  
Arnold D. Rubin ◽  
William L. Chick ◽  
Benjamin W. Zweifach
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Tetrazolium Salt ◽  
Phenazine Methosulfate ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Permeability Changes ◽  
Inner Surface

The ability of mesothelial and endothelial membranes to influence solute passage into tissue preparations was investigated under in vitro conditions. It is possible by using the Warburg formula for the diffusion of solutes into tissue slices to calculate the concentration of solute bathing the subepithelial tissue when the depth of penetration and tissue activity are known. These conditions were met by selecting an electron acceptor with histochemical properties—the tetrazolium salt, 2- p-iodophenyl-3- p-nitrophenyl-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT). Quantitative studies with hemidiaphragm demonstrate that the concentration of INT which reaches the inner surface of the mesothelial layer is only 9% of that in the medium. Addition of a redox dye, phenazine methosulfate (PM), increases this value by 6.7 times. (Qualitatively similar results were obtained across mesothelial surfaces of liver and heart, as well as at endothelial surfaces of heart and carotid artery.) The ability of PM to increase permeability is counteracted by malate or succinate, and in turn restored when the latter is blocked with malonate. These results suggest that oxidative metabolism and adenosine triphosphate formation are intimately linked with this phenomenon.

Growth-related changes of oxygen consumption rates of tumor cells grown in vitro and in vivo

1989 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Kallinowski ◽  
G. Tyler ◽  
W. Mueller-Klieser ◽  
P. Vaupel
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Consumption Rates

132 DIFFERENCES IN RESPIRATION RATES BETWEEN IN VIVO- AND IN VITRO-PRODUCED BOVINE EMBRYOS

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
A. S. Lopes ◽  
S. E. Madsen ◽  
N. B. Ramsing ◽  
L. H. Larsen ◽  
T. Greve ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Respiration Rates

In vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos differ (e.g. morphology and physiology) from their in vivo counterparts. Oxygen consumption is an indicator of the overall metabolic activity of a single embryo. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine and compare respiration rates of in vivo- and in vitro-produced bovine day 7 embryos. Diameters of these two embryo types were also compared. In vivo embryos (n = 28) were recovered from 8 superovulated Holstein Frisian cows on day 7 following AI, while IVP embryos (n = 160; Holm et al. 1999 Theriogenology 52, 683-700) were used on day 7 after fertilization. Embryos were measured (outer diameter) and morphologically evaluated (Quality 1 to 4, IETS Manual, 1998). Only transferable in vivo embryos were used (i.e. excluding Quality 4). Respiration rates were measured on each embryo by Nanorespirometer technology (Lopes et al. 2005 Reprod. Fertil. Develop. 17, 151). Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed, and values are presented as mean � SEM. Values with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05). The average respiration rates were 0.82 � 0.06a nL/h for in vivo vs. 1.37 � 0.06b nL/h for IVP embryos. The average respiration rates for the different morphological qualities were as follows (nL/h, numbers in brackets): IVP: 2.1 � 0.08a (38), 1.37 � 0.07b (55), 1.08 � 0.07c (48) and 0.62 � 0.11d (19) for Quality 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. In vivo: 1.17 � 0.21b,c,e (6), 0.80 � 0.15c,d,e (12), and 0.64 � 0.16d,f (10) for Quality 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The average diameter (mm) of in vivo and IVP embryos was 0.157 � 0.002a and 0.176 � 0.002b, respectively. Respiration rates were directly related to embryo diameter; larger embryos were associated with higher respiration rates (y = 17.55 � 1.32 nL/h � mm, n = 188). Respiration rates of in vivo embryos were significantly lower than those of IVP embryos, regardless of quality. This difference could reflect an effect of the culture conditions on IVP embryos because media components affect embryo metabolism. Moreover, the different ages (day 7 for IVP vs. approximately Day 6.5 for in vivo embryos, because in vivo embryos are less than 7 days after fertilization at recovery) and stages (IVP: up to expanded blastocyst stage; in vivo: morula or early blastocyst stage) could have influenced the results and also partly explain the smaller diameter of the in vivo embryos. Finally, respiration rates decreased proportionately to the morphological quality within embryo type, indicating that morphological differences are reflected at the physiological level. In conclusion, this study further outlines metabolic differences between in vivo and IVP bovine embryos. Whether such differences are a manifestation of metabolic stress associated to the separation from the natural environment or reflect suboptimal culture conditions is yet to be determined. ASL is supported by FCT, Portugal.

204 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY AND THE PREGNANCY RATE OF BISECTED BOVINE EMBRYOS IN VIVO

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Moriyasu ◽  
H. Hirayama ◽  
K. Sawai ◽  
S. Kageyama ◽  
S. Aoyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Consumption Rates

Oxygen consumption is an important indicator of the metabolic activity of living cells, which may provide valuable information for evaluating embryo quality. We have found that the bovine embryos with high oxygen consumption possess stronger potential for further development. However, the relationship between respiratory activity and the pregnancy rate of embryos is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the respiration rates of bisected bovine embryos and the pregnancy rates of demi-embryos after embryo transfer. Compact morula-stage embryos were bisected evenly by micro glass needle. One hundred bisected embryos were incubated for 24 h in embryo culture medium (IVD101; Research Institute for the Functional Peptides, Yamagata, Japan) at 39�C under 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2. After the incubation, demi-embryos were classified into 2 groups: blastocoel-formed (BC) and blastocoel-not-formed (CM) embryos. Oxygen consumption rates of demi-embryos were measured by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM; Hokuto Denko Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Within 3 h after the measurement, 80 demi-embryos were transferred into recipient cows (one demi-embryo/one recipient) at 7–8 days after estrus. Recipient cows were diagnosed for pregnancy by ultrasonography approximately 40 days after estrus. Statistical difference was analyzed by Tukey's post-hoc test and chi-square test. A total of 27 recipient cows became pregnant; the pregnancy rates for cows with CM and BC demi-embryos were 40.6% (13/32) and 29.2% (14/48), respectively. Mean oxygen consumption rates (� 10-14 mol s-1) in pregnant and non-pregnant cows were 0.47 and 0.39 for CM demi-embryos and 0.63 and 0.52 for BC demi-embryos, respectively. Retrospective analysis showed that the respiratory activity of demi-embryos in the pregnant group was higher than those in the non-pregnant group. In particular, the pregnancy rates for demi-embryos with respiratory activity higher than 0.35 in CM and 0.40 in BC groups were 52.0% (13/25) and 35.9% (14/39), respectively. On the other hand, cows with demi-embryos having an oxygen consumption rate under 0.35 in CM (n = 7) and 0.40 in BC (n = 9) groups did not become pregnant. These results demonstrated that bovine demi-embryos with higher respiratory activity showed a high pregnancy rate after embryo transfer. It is generally known that the pregnancy rate after the transfer of bisected embryos is lower than that of whole embryos. The measurement of oxygen consumption by SECM procedures is a useful tool to assess the quality of pre-implantation embryos and may contribute to the improvement of the success rate for bisected embryo transfer.

scholarly journals HCN channels contribute to serotonergic modulation of ventral surface chemosensitive neurons and respiratory activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1195-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia E. Hawkins ◽  
Joanna M. Hawryluk ◽  
Ana C. Takakura ◽  
Anastasios V. Tzingounis ◽  
Thiago S. Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Hcn Channels ◽  
Inward Current ◽  
Kcnq Channels ◽  
Channel Inhibition ◽  
And Function ◽  
Serotonergic Modulation

Chemosensitive neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) provide a CO2/H+-dependent drive to breathe and function as an integration center for the respiratory network, including serotonergic raphe neurons. We recently showed that serotonergic modulation of RTN chemoreceptors involved inhibition of KCNQ channels and activation of an unknown inward current. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are the molecular correlate of the hyperpolarization-activated inward current ( Ih) and have a high propensity for modulation by serotonin. To investigate whether HCN channels contribute to basal activity and serotonergic modulation of RTN chemoreceptors, we characterize resting activity and the effects of serotonin on RTN chemoreceptors in vitro and on respiratory activity of anesthetized rats in the presence or absence of blockers of KCNQ (XE991) and/or HCN (ZD7288, Cs+) channels. We found in vivo that bilateral RTN injections of ZD7288 increased respiratory activity and in vitro HCN channel blockade increased activity of RTN chemoreceptors under control conditions, but this was blunted by KCNQ channel inhibition. Furthermore, in vivo unilateral RTN injection of XE991 plus ZD7288 eliminated the serotonin response, and in vitro serotonin sensitivity was eliminated by application of XE991 and ZD7288 or SQ22536 (adenylate cyclase blocker). Serotonin-mediated activation of RTN chemoreceptors was blocked by a 5-HT7-receptor blocker and mimicked by a 5-HT7-receptor agonist. In addition, serotonin caused a depolarizing shift in the voltage-dependent activation of Ih. These results suggest that HCN channels contribute to resting chemoreceptor activity and that serotonin activates RTN chemoreceptors and breathing in part by a 5-HT7 receptor-dependent mechanism and downstream activation of Ih.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid-Induced Proliferation and Lack of Differentation in Untreated Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemic Blasts

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 4843-4843
Author(s):  
Kim Klein ◽  
Eric Haarman ◽  
Valerie De Haas ◽  
C. Michel Zwaan ◽  
Ursula Creutzig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Survival ◽  
Leukemic Cell ◽  
Tetrazolium Salt ◽  
Induced Differentiation ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Flt3 Mutations ◽  
Pediatric Aml ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Abstract Background Although most pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) protocols no longer prescribe glucocorticoids (GCs) as part of antileukemic treatment, several low-income countries may still rely on them. Furthermore these agents are globally being used in the prevention or treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea, or in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome in children with leukemia. Therefore, to study potential effects of GCs on AML cells remains important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro responsiveness of pediatric AML cells to GCs in relation to cell biological features. Methods In vitro drug resistance or potential proliferation upon GCs (prednisone) was determined using a methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium salt (MTT)-assay. Samples with more than 70% blasts at day 4 in the control wells and a control optical density (OD) >0.050 units were used to calculate the LC50-value, i.e. the PRD concentration lethal to 50% of the AML blasts. Samples were classified as highly sensitive (LC50 PRD ≤0.1 µg/ml), intermediately sensitive (LC50 PRD >0.1-150 µg/ml) or resistant (LC50 PRD ≥150 µg/ml). PRD-induced leukemic cell proliferation was defined as a leukemic cell survival (LCS=(OD drug-exposed well)/(mean OD control wells)) of >105% plus 2 times the standard deviation of the control cell survival in the PRD containing wells. Potential glucocorticoid (GC)-induced differentiation was evaluated using basic morphology. To validate the overall effects of GCs, a subset of randomly selected samples was tested for both prednisone and dexamethasone (DXM). Samples of patients treated according to (at that time) GC-containing protocols, provided by the BFM-Germany and the DCOG, were used to evaluate associations between in vitro effects and clinical outcome, both at an univariate and multivariate level. Within these protocols GCs were only administered during consolidation. Results Approximately 70% (n=117) of the 167 available pediatric AML samples could be evaluated for GC resistance and GC-induced proliferation. None of the samples were highly sensitive and only 15% (n=17) were intermediately sensitive to the lytic action of GCs. FAB type M1 samples were significantly more often intermediately sensitive than other FAB types (43% of the M1 samples versus 0-13% in FAB type M0, and M2-M6 samples) (P=0.006). FAB type M7 samples were more intermediately sensitive as well (67%, n=2), but sample numbers were small. GC-induced differentiation was not observed after evaluating 10 unselected samples. Contrary, 27% (n=32) of the samples showed proliferation upon GC-exposure. GC-induced proliferation occurred independently from spontaneous proliferation. Samples with FAB type M5 or activating FLT3 mutations were significantly more prone to this phenomenon: 63% (n=12) of the M5 samples compared to 0-33% of the other samples (P<0.001), and 60% (n=6) of the FLT3itd-positive samples versus 23% (n=22) of the negative samples (P=0.011) showed GC-induced proliferation. There were no significant differences in GC-induced proliferation between samples with favorable or other cytogenetics. The results for the subset of samples tested for both PRD and DXM were similar with regard to GC-resistance, GC-induced proliferation, and GC-differentiation. Probabilities of relapse free survival (pRFS) were lower for patients with GC-induced proliferation at a borderline significant level (P=0.045, univariately). However, in a multivariable COX model, including white blood cell count, cytogenetics, and FLT3 status an independent association between inferior pRFS and GC-induced resistance or GC-induced proliferation could not be confirmed. Conclusion Assuming that the proliferation induced in vitro is paralleled in vivo, it is tempting to speculate that GCs given during consolidation treatment may have an adverse effect on any present minimal residual leukemic cells, and that such exposure may increase the risk of relapse in a significant subset of patients. Although we did not study this in a prospective or in vivo design, given the lack of GC-induced differentiation effects, and the potential of GC-induced proliferation in this study - with at best unknown clinical consequences - the use of GCs in pediatric AML patients should be discouraged in general, and especially in subgroups with FAB type M5 or activating FLT3 mutations. Disclosures Kaspers: Galen Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Boehringer Ingelheim: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy.

scholarly journals Platelet Lyophilization and Cryopreservation: A Means of Generating a Standardized In-Vitro Human Blood Clot

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei Christodoulides ◽  
Nathan J. Alves, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Human Blood ◽  
Blood Clot ◽  
Glucose Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Better Than

Background and Hypothesis: Numerous models, both in-vitro and in-vivo, exist for the analysis of blood-clotting pharmacodynamics. However, reliance on animal models, fresh blood, or lack of a complete component profile translates to little standardization/reproducibility of clotting parameters. Given the above limitations, the goal of our study was to generate a reproducible, physiologic human blood clot through cryopreservation and lyophilization of platelets. We hypothesized that the platelets exposed to either lyophilization or cryopreservation would have a prolonged ability to generate reproducible clots; however, clotting functionality might exhibit a setvalue decrease resulting from storage procedures. Experimental Design or Project Methods: Initial efforts focused on understanding the metabolic effects of storing platelets, plasma, and red blood cells (RBCs) at either 25°C or 4°C over a period of 25days. Glucose consumption was utilized as a proxy for metabolic activity and assessed using a glucose-hexokinase assay. Secondly, RBCs, platelets, and plasma were stored with the aim of maximizing functionality for longer periods: RBCs – 4°C+CPDA1 solution and platelets – cryopreserved (-80°C) or lyophilized. Functionality of stored blood components was assessed over a period of 1-week via Thromboelastographic (TEG) kinetic clotting readouts. Blood samples were provided by healthy volunteers (n=6). Results: Utilization of glucose by RBCs and platelets was significantly increased during storage at 25°C versus 4°C, with RBCs maintaining very consistent glucose consumption rates compared to platelets. Lastly, by 1-week of storage, wholeblood is able to maintain consistent clotting better than samples utilizing cryopreserved platelets. Conclusion and Potential Impact: Through our work, we were able to generate a reproducible synthetic human blood clot after 1-week of whole-blood storage as described by TEG parameters; a major stride in the ultimate goal of generating a model for pharmaceutical testing. Although not all parameters were preserved, we were able to maintain relative differences, ensuring consistent coagulability even with cryopreserved platelets. Further work will be conducted to understand the effects of greater storage durations.

scholarly journals Management of Ralstonia solanacearum (potato wilt disease) virulence by using bioactive compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Z Karim ◽  
MSM Chowdhury ◽  
MS Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Inhibition Zones

Potato is an important vegetable crop of Bangladesh which is facing challenges worldwide due to a quarantine pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum. It is a very successful bacterial pathogen against most of the traditional management practices. Suspension of ten bioactive compounds viz. propolis, honey, turmeric powder+oil, turmeric powder, magnesium chloride, boiled rice fluid, boiled rice fluid+iodine, sun dried cow dung powder, honey+iodine and sodium bicarbonate were evaluated and compared with control (sterile water), commercial bactericide (Krosin AG) and farmers practice (stable bleaching powder). In vitro assessment was done by comparing the inhibition zones produced on TZC (tetrazolium chloride) solid medium in disc diffusion method. All of those compounds produced larger inhibition zones as compared to control which indicated the effectiveness of the test compounds against the bacteria. To screen out the performances of those compounds in vivo, potato seedlings were inoculated in sterilized soil by soil soak method. Later, mature plants were inoculated in unsterilized soil to find the better resulting compound(s) in field soil condition against the disease. Finally, suspension of cow dung (@25%), propolis (@ 6mg/ml) and turmeric powder (@25%) were selected for trial as soil and seed treatment against the pathogen. It was found that, cow dung reduced 28.89% disease severity index which was followed by 26.67% in propolis and 22.22% in turmeric powder as compared to control (84.44%) in artificially inoculated potato plants against R. solanacearum. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2020, 6(1): 65-76

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