scholarly journals RcAP1, a Homolog of APETALA1, is Associated with Flower Bud Differentiation and Floral Organ Morphogenesis in Rosa chinensis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Han ◽  
Aoying Tang ◽  
Jiayao Yu ◽  
Tangren Cheng ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Organ ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Rosa Chinensis ◽  
Organ Morphogenesis ◽  
Floral Primordia ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Rosa chinensis is one of the most popular flower plants worldwide. The recurrent flowering trait greatly enhances the ornamental value of roses, and is the result of the constant formation of new flower buds. Flower bud differentiation has always been a major topic of interest among researchers. The APETALA1 (AP1) MADS-box (Mcm1, Agamous, Deficiens and SRF) transcription factor-encoding gene is important for the formation of the floral meristem and floral organs. However, research on the rose AP1 gene has been limited. Thus, we isolated AP1 from Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush’. An expression analysis revealed that RcAP1 was not expressed before the floral primordia formation stage in flower buds. The overexpression of RcAP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in an early-flowering phenotype. Additionally, the virus-induced down-regulation of RcAP1 expression delayed flowering in ‘Old Blush’. Moreover, RcAP1 was specifically expressed in the sepals of floral organs, while its expression was down-regulated in abnormal sepals and leaf-like organs. These observations suggest that RcAP1 may contribute to rose bud differentiation as well as floral organ morphogenesis, especially the sepals. These results may help for further characterization of the regulatory mechanisms of the recurrent flowering trait in rose.

scholarly journals Factors influencing flower bud formation on the pear tree cultivar 'Doyenne du Comice'. I. Shoot growth and flower bud differentiation on trees sprayed with chlormequat and unsprayed ones

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franciszka Jaumień
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Pear Tree ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Flower Bud Formation

The growth of trees sprayed in spring with chlormequat is weaker, and their elongation growth ends 2 - 3 weeks earlier than that of unsprayed trees. Trees with growth inhibited by chlormequat set flower buds on the spurs and in the subapical part of long shoots. The course of flower bud differentiation starts in the second half of July and is similar to that in the apple tree.

scholarly journals Variation in Flower Bud Differentiation and Progression of Floral Organs with Respect to Crop Load in Olive

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cevriye MERT ◽  
Erdoğan BARUT ◽  
Ahmet İPEK
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Olive Cultivar ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Bud Induction ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation

The differentiation of olive floral buds during winter is strictly correlated with flowering in the spring and ultimately with fruit production in autumn and the determination of the time of flower bud induction is important for determining the possible causes of alternate bearing and for improving management practices to correct alternate bearing. The aim of this research was to study the time of flower bud differentiation and developmental steps in the ‘Gemlik’ olive cultivar in 2008 (off year) and 2009 (on year). The sequence of initiation of the floral organs in each flower bud was sepals, stamens, petals, and gynoecium. There was no visible difference between the time of differentiation and the developmental stage of the floral organs with respect to the ‘on’ and ‘off’ years during the study.

scholarly journals Regulating Vegetative Growth and Flowering with Gibberellic Acid in Intact Plants and Cultured Phylloclades of `Crimson Giant' Easter Cactus

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Boyle ◽  
Michael Marcotrigiano ◽  
Suzanne M. Hamlin
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Floral Primordia ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Floral Bud

Investigations were performed to determine the influence of gibberellic acid (GA3) on intact plants and cultured phylloclades of `Crimson Giant' Easter cactus [Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri (Regel) Moran]. Responses of intact plants depended on GA3 concentration, number of spray applications, and application time. Single GA3 applications delayed flowering and reduced the percentage of apical phylloclades flowering and number of flower buds per plant when applied before floral primordia formation [from 20 days before to the start of long days (LDs)], but hastened flowering and did not affect the percentage of apical phylloclades flowering or number of flower buds per plant when applied during floral bud development (20 days after the start of LDs). When sprays were applied at or before the start of LDs, increasing the GA, concentration resulted in fewer plants flowering, longer flowering delays, and further decreases in the number of flower buds per plant. Multiple GA3 applications were more inhibitory to flowering than single applications. Whole plants and cultured phylloclades exhibited similar reactions to GA3, but cultured phylloclades were more responsive to GA3 than intact plants. Intact plants and cultured phylloclades generally produced more new phylloclades as GA3 concentration increased. Spine growth also increased when phylloclades were cultured in a GA3-containing medium. Flowering was accelerated by ≈55 days when GA, was applied to intact plants with 1- to 2-mm-long flower buds. GA, may be horticulturally useful for Easter cactus crop scheduling.

scholarly journals Allocation of Photoassimilates in Bud and Fruit from Different Leaf Nodes of Camellia oleifera

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yue Wen ◽  
Shu-chai Su ◽  
Ting-ting Jia ◽  
Xiang-nan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Camellia Oleifera ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
The Third ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation

The periods of flower bud differentiation and fruit growth for Camellia oleifera overlap greatly affect the allocation of photoassimilates to flower buds and fruit, resulting in obvious alternate bearing. To export the cause and mitigate alternate bearing of Camellia oleifera, the allocation of photoassimilates to buds and fruit supplied by leaves at different node positions was studied by the addition of labeled 13CO2 during the slow fruit growth stage. The fate of 13C photoassimilated carbon was followed during four periods: slow fruit growth (4 hours and 10 days after 13C labeling); rapid growth (63 days after 13C labeling); oil conversion (129 days after 13C labeling); and maturation (159 days after 13C labeling). Photosynthetic parameters and leaf areas of the leaves shared a common pattern (fifth > third > first), and the order of photosynthetic parameters of different fruit growth stages was as follows: oil conversion > maturation > rapid growth > slow growth. The most intense competition between flower bud differentiation and fruit growth occurred during the oil conversion stage. Dry matter accumulation in different sinks occurred as follow: fruit > flower bud > leaf bud. Photoassimilates from the labeled first leaf were mainly translocated to the first flower bud, and the upper buds were always differentiated into flower buds. The photoassimilates from the labeled third leaf were distributed disproportionately to the third flower bud and fruit. They distributed more to the third flower bud, and the middle buds formed either flower or leaf buds. However, the photoassimilates from the labeled fifth leaf were primarily allocated to the fruit that bore on the first node of last year’s bearing shoot, and basal buds did not form flower buds. Based on our results, the basal leaves should be retained for a high yield in the current year, and the top leaves should be retained for a high yield in the following year. Our results have important implications for understanding the management of flower and fruit in C. oleifera. The thinning of fruit during the on-crop year can promote flower bud formation and increase the yield of C. oleifera crops in the following year. During the off-year, more fruit should be retained to maintain the fruit yield. The thinning of middle-upper buds could promote more photoassimilates allocate to the fruit.

scholarly journals Durian Floral Differentiation and Flowering Habit

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitose Honsho ◽  
Keizo Yonemori ◽  
Akira Sugiura ◽  
Songpol Somsri ◽  
Suranant Subhadrabandhu
Keyword(s):  
Floral Organ ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Floral Organ Development ◽  
Durio Zibethinus ◽  
Mature Flower ◽  
Floral Differentiation ◽  
Horticultural Research ◽  
Flowering Process

Flower bud differentiation and the flowering habit of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) `Mon Thong' from budbreak to anthesis were investigated at the Chantaburi Horticultural Research Center in Thailand. Clusters of flower buds appeared at the end of November on primary or secondary scaffold branches near where a flower cluster occurred the previous year. Anatomical observations revealed that the development of floral organs was acropetal; the five fused epicalyx forming a large, elongated envelope enclosing the sepals, petals, stamen and fused multi-carpellate pistil. Floral organ development was completed in early January. The mature flower bud more than doubled in size one day before anthesis, with anthesis starting around 1600 hr and ending ≈1900 hr. The anthers did not dehisce until the completion of flowering. This change induced heterostyly in this cultivar, which promoted out-crossing by reducing the possibility of self-pollination. Aromatic nectar that attracted insects to the flower was secreted during anthesis. This is the first report to have clarified the overall flowering process in durian and provides the basic information for elucidating reproductive biology of durian in future research.

scholarly journals Low Night Temperature Increases Ovary Size in Sweet Pepper Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicacio Cruz-Huerta ◽  
Jeffrey G. Williamson ◽  
Rebecca L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Cool Night

Cool night temperatures have been reported to induce ovary swelling and consequent fruit deformation in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), resulting in unmarketable fruit. This response is a serious limitation to the success of winter production systems for bell pepper. Limited work has been done with other types of sweet pepper, so it is unknown how universal this response is. Furthermore, most prior work has examined effects on ovary diameter only, and there is limited characterization of other ovary traits in response to cool night temperature. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of low night temperature on ovary characteristics in different sweet pepper cultivars and to determine the parts of the ovary that are most affected by these factors. Three types of sweet pepper (bell, long-fruited, and cherry) were exposed to 22/20 or 22/12 °C day:night temperatures and flowers at anthesis were continuously harvested throughout the experiments. Ovary fresh weight (FW), diameter, and length across all types (and cultivars within type) were greater under 22/12 °C compared with 22/20 °C. The increase in ovary FW was the result of increases in both ovary wall and placenta FW. In general, all cultivars exhibited increases in ovary size under 12 °C compared with 20 °C night temperature. Differences in ovary FW resulting from night temperature became more pronounced with time. These results indicate that low night temperature effects on ovary swelling may be a universal response among sweet pepper types. Three to 4 weeks are required for maximum swelling response, suggesting that flower buds must be exposed to low night temperatures within the first week after flower bud initiation, because previous work found that flower bud initiation in bell pepper takes ≈4 weeks. However, the duration of low night temperatures necessary for this response remains unknown.

scholarly journals Variation of Endogenous Hormones during Flower and Leaf Buds Development in ‘Tianhong 2’ Apple

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1794-1798
Author(s):  
Jinxin Wang ◽  
Tao Luo ◽  
He Zhang ◽  
Jianzhu Shao ◽  
Jianying Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Induction ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Differentiation Stage ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Aba Content

Hormones have an important role in apple flower bud differentiation; therefore, it is necessary to systematically explore the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones during flower and leaf bud development to elucidate the potential hormone regulation mechanism. In this study, we first observed the buds of ‘Tianhong 2’ apple during their differentiation stage using an anatomical method and divided them into physiologically differentiated stages of spur terminal buds, flower buds, and leaf buds. Then, we determined the contents of zeatin riboside (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (IAA), and gibberellin (GA3) in these various types of buds using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that the content of ZR and the ratio of ZR to IAA in spur terminal buds decreased significantly during physiological differentiation. The contents of ZR, IAA, and GA3 in leaf buds culminated at the initial differentiation stage. The content of ZR in flower buds was significantly higher than that in leaf buds after formation of the inflorescence primordium and sepal primordium. Before the appearance of stamen primordium, the content of GA3 in flower buds was remarkably lower than that in leaf buds. The ratios of ABA/IAA and ZR/IAA in flower buds were significantly higher than those in leaf buds before the appearance of flower organ primordium. Moreover, ABA content, ABA/ZR, and ABA/GA3 in flower buds were higher than those in leaf buds throughout the whole flower bud morphological differentiation process. Therefore, the reduced ZR content was beneficial to floral induction. The low content of GA3, and high ratios of ABA/IAA and ZR/IAA were conducive to early morphological differentiation. In addition, high ratios of ABA/GA3 and ABA/ZR were beneficial to the morphological differentiation of flower buds. Moreover, the high ABA content was beneficial to floral induction and morphological differentiation of flower buds. Our results shed light on the mechanisms of hormonal regulation of apple flower bud differentiation and could potentially strengthen the theoretical basis for artificial regulation of apple flower bud development using exogenous plant hormones.

PRECOCIOUS FLOWERING OF ARIZONA CYPRESS WITH GIBBERELLIN

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 923-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Pharis ◽  
Manfred D. E. Ruddat ◽  
Cornell C. Phillips ◽  
Erich Heftmann
Keyword(s):  
Initial Treatment ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Growth Retardants ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Precocious Flowering ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Cupressus Arizonica ◽  
Amo 1618

Extremely early flowering (production of staminate strobili 88 days from germination) of Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica Greene) was obtained with foliar application of gibberellin A3 commencing at age 55 days. Trials with differing concentrations of gibberellin at various ages indicated that flower bud differentiation depends on both age and gibberellin concentration, younger seedlings requiring more exogenous gibberellin. Simultaneous application of two growth retardants (AMO-1618 and B-995) had no effect upon the number of flowers, but flower size was increased where B-995 and gibberellin were given together. The period of time between initial spraying and first visible appearance of staminate strobili is 23 to 25 days. On most plants 60 to 80% of the growing vegetative meristems are changed into flower buds within 60 days of the initial treatment, often resulting in over 500 flower buds on one plant. The pollen is viable.

scholarly journals Effects of different ways of flower bud differentiation on bud germination and fruit quality of grape

2019 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 06004
Author(s):  
Yan Huang ◽  
Bin Hou ◽  
Dong Liang ◽  
Ronghai Lu ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Chlormequat Chloride ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
First Time

In this study, 3 year-old ‘Xiahei’ grape was used as the test material. It aimed to promote the differentiation of grape flower buds with different concentrations of paclobutrazol and chlormequat chloride, and the effects of different ways of promoting the differentiation of flower buds on the germination of grape buds and fruit quality were studied. The results showed that different ways of flower bud differentiation could promote the germination of ‘Xiahei’ grape buds. In consideration of the fruiting habit, phenological period and fruit quality of different treatments, second fruits which were sprayed with 1000 times 15% paclobutrazolin had the best effect. On May 1, 2019 (One fruit sitting period) spraying grape new tip with 1000 times 15% paclobutrazol and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1% boric fertilizer and the same fungicides, spraying again after 7 days, reagent type and concentration were same as the first time, after 10 days of the second spraying 2.5% hydrogen cyanamide was used to break dormancy of winter bud. The way could effectively promote grape secondary fruit and improve the quality of the grapes.

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