The addition of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) essential oil to intensify the aroma as a replacement of rum considering halal supply chain for cookies that use durian (Durio zibethinus) seeds waste-based flour to create sustainable advantages

The sources of aroma can be varied according to the food’s type and it is part of the ingredients that has an important role to increase people interest in certain foods. However, the most popular source of aroma is rum which is not halal for Muslim community. In this research, the researcher wanted to see the effect of adding essential oil from nutmeg seeds to the addition of the aroma of cookies made from durian seed flour to see the acceptance of customers of the product innovation using nutmeg essential oil to increase the aroma of cookies or food products that usually using rum or non-halal products and seeing the long-term impact that could possibly create sustainability advantages by occupying the waste of durian seed in to flour to substitute wheat flour. This study uses an organoleptic test. The science that uses the human senses to measure the texture, appearance, aroma, and taste of a food product is called sensory or organoleptic evaluation. Assessment of appearance, taste, and texture describes consumer acceptance of a product. The results show that consumers acceptance for this product innovation well so that the control prescription that can be given for this product innovation can be continued. The second experiment got the highest response compared to the first and third experiments.

Flooding tolerance of four tropical peatland tree species in a nursery trial

In order to facilitate hydrological restoration efforts, initiatives have been conducted to promote tree growth in degraded and rewetted peatlands in Indonesia. For this initiatives to be successful, tree seedlings need to be able to survive flooding episodes, with or without shade. We investigated the survival of different shading and water levels under controlled conditions in a nursery, with artificial rainwater and with peat soils as the medium. The research focused on the fllowing questions (i) whether trees can grow on flooded peat soils; and (ii) which plant traits allow plants to cope with inundation, with or without shade. The four tree species compared ( Shorea balangeran, Cratoxylum arborescens, Nephelium lappaceum, and Durio zibethinus ) include two natural poineer and two farmer-preferred fruit trees. The experiment used as a split-split plot design with 48 treatment combinations and at least 13 tree-level replicates. The study found that S. balangeran and C. arborescens developed adventitious roots to adapt to the inundated conditions. D. zibethinus, S. balangeran and N. lappaceum grew best under moderate (30%) shading levels, while C. arborescens grew best in full sunlight.

Fruit Morphology of Durio zibethinus L. in Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Background: Jelebu is one of Negeri Sembilan districts of Malaysia, famous for its wide variety of D. zibethinus. It is also recognized as the top hotspot area for consumers looking for genuine Durian Kampung. This study aimed at discovering and recording significant morphological data in identification and classification of D. zibethinus fruit in Jelebu. Methods: Fifty-three accessions of durian were observed from January 2020 to September 2020 in accordance with Malaysia’s Department of Agriculture guidelines. Result: Forty-one parameters were compiled and divided into two primary morphological data sets: external and internal structures. Size, shape, color and aril characteristics of fruits were several engrossing parameters for identifying and classifying D. zibethinus varieties. Fruit weight varies between 665 g and 2.7 kg, depending on size. The results also revealed six different variants in the fruit shape and color. Aril characteristics included a variety of aril color and thickness ranging from 0.23 cm to 1.17 cm. Therefore, this research revealed that external and internal morphological data from durian fruits were valuable for recognizing and categorizing D. zibethinus Jelebu variants.

Decomposition of Fine Roots and Aboveground Agroforestry Litter as Plant-soil Feedback After Volcanic Ash Deposition

Background and PurposeAbove- and belowground organic inputs feed decomposer communities in the soil enhancing soil organic matter (Corg) formation, depending on the vegetation, soil, contextual factors and human management of (agro)ecosystems. Plant-soil feedback in volcanic ash rapidly increases Corg during transformation to Andisols. We quantified fine root turnover in agroforestry systems, including the ash-adapted native tree Parasponia rigida, as part of the C accumulation process. MethodsFine root (<2 mm) decomposition was quantified with a total of 1440 litterbag samples, testing the effects of six tree species (Coffea canephora, Persea americana, Durio zibethinus, Gliricidia sepium, Falcataria moluccana and Parasponia rigida), three distances to the nearest coffee trees, two seasons (rainy and dry), two sites (with and without recent ash deposits), four time intervals (2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks) and five replicates. Soil temperature around the litterbags was used to derive equivalent decomposition rates at 20oC. The ratio of lignin plus phenolics over nitrogen was used as main litter quality indicator.ResultsDecomposition of fine tree roots was up to three times faster than that of aboveground litter with the same quality index measured in the same habitat. Root decomposition was slower in topsoils with recent volcanic ash, with a mean residence time extended by, on average, two weeks. Decomposition of roots of the ash-adapted native tree Parasponia rigida was especially rapid. ConclusionsFine root turnover contributes to the Corg accumulation that turns low-C volcanic ash into high-carbon andic soil and has relatively short necromass residence times.

Sustainable Durio zibethinus-Derived Biosorbents for Congo Red Removal from Aqueous Solution: Statistical Optimization, Isotherms and Mechanism Studies

This investigation reports on the biosorption mechanism of Congo Red dyes (CR) in aqueous solution using acid-treated durian peels, prepared for this study. The biosorbent nature was characterized using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Brunaure-Emmet-Teller (BET). The effect of process parameters within operational range of pH (2–9), contact time (10–200 min), initial concentration (25–400 mg g−1) and temperature (25–65 °C) for the optimum removal of CR dyes was investigated using central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM), and revealed that the optimum condition of biosorption was achieved around a pH of 5.5, contact time of 105 min at initial concentration of 212.5 mg L−1 within 45 °C temperature, which corresponds to 95.2% percent removal of CR. The experimental data fitted better to the second order polynomial model, with a correlation coefficient R2 value of 0.9917 and the Langmuir isotherm model with biosorption capacity of 107.52 mg g−1. Gibbs free energy indicated that the adsorption of CR dyes was spontaneous. The mechanism of the adsorption of CR dyes revealed that the biosorption of CR dyes investigated under different operational conditions show that under acidic pH, the adsorption efficiency of the acid treated durian peels is enhanced for the adsorption of CR dye molecules.

Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of durian CYPome related to fruit ripening

Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) is a major economic crop native to Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand. Accordingly, understanding durian fruit ripening is an important factor in its market worldwide, owing to the fact that it is a climacteric fruit with a strikingly limited shelf life. However, knowledge regarding the molecular regulation of durian fruit ripening is still limited. Herein, we focused on cytochrome P450, a large enzyme family that regulates many biosynthetic pathways of plant metabolites and phytohormones. Deep mining of the durian genome and transcriptome libraries led to the identification of all P450s that are potentially involved in durian fruit ripening. Gene expression validation by RT-qPCR showed a high correlation with the transcriptome libraries at five fruit ripening stages. In addition to aril-specific and ripening-associated expression patterns, putative P450s that are potentially involved in phytohormone metabolism were selected for further study. Accordingly, the expression of CYP72, CYP83, CYP88, CYP94, CYP707, and CYP714 was significantly modulated by external treatment with ripening regulators, suggesting possible crosstalk between phytohormones during the regulation of fruit ripening. Interestingly, the expression levels of CYP88, CYP94, and CYP707, which are possibly involved in gibberellin, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid biosynthesis, respectively, were significantly different between fast- and slow-post-harvest ripening cultivars, strongly implying important roles of these hormones in fruit ripening. Taken together, these phytohormone-associated P450s are potentially considered additional molecular regulators controlling ripening processes, besides ethylene and auxin, and are economically important biological traits.

Extraction and Characterization of Urease from Durio zibethinus L

Urease is a biocatalyst that serves to hydrolyze urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Since it is an imported product, the price of urea is still high. Urease can be found in grains. One of the grains that has not been explored for its urease content is durian (Durio zibethinus L.) seeds. This study aims to determine the effect of germination time on the activity of urease from durian seeds and its characteristics including the effect of pH, incubation temperature, enzymatic reaction time, addition of EDTA and metals, and storage time on the activity of urease from durian seeds. The first step of this study was seed germination which was carried out in the dark for 0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days. Durian seed sprouts were extracted by mashing them using a mortar and pestle. They were then homogenized using a stirrer and centrifuged in a cold state. The crude urease extract obtained was then tested for its activity using the Nessler method. The acquired data was tested statistically using ANOVA. The results showed that the activity of urease from durian seeds was optimum at 3-day germination time, pH 7, incubation temperature at 30 °C, and 15-minute enzymatic reaction time with an activity of 163.6 U/mL. Urease is a metalloenzyme with its inhibitor being the Cu2+ and Na+ metal ions and its activator being Ba2+ metal ion. Tukey's test analysis showed that the effect of urease storage time at 4 °C resulted in a stable urease activity for 8 days while at room temperature it decreased its activity significantly to 72.8%.