scholarly journals Variation of Endogenous Hormones during Flower and Leaf Buds Development in ‘Tianhong 2’ Apple

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1794-1798
Author(s):  
Jinxin Wang ◽  
Tao Luo ◽  
He Zhang ◽  
Jianzhu Shao ◽  
Jianying Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Induction ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Differentiation Stage ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Aba Content

Hormones have an important role in apple flower bud differentiation; therefore, it is necessary to systematically explore the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones during flower and leaf bud development to elucidate the potential hormone regulation mechanism. In this study, we first observed the buds of ‘Tianhong 2’ apple during their differentiation stage using an anatomical method and divided them into physiologically differentiated stages of spur terminal buds, flower buds, and leaf buds. Then, we determined the contents of zeatin riboside (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (IAA), and gibberellin (GA3) in these various types of buds using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that the content of ZR and the ratio of ZR to IAA in spur terminal buds decreased significantly during physiological differentiation. The contents of ZR, IAA, and GA3 in leaf buds culminated at the initial differentiation stage. The content of ZR in flower buds was significantly higher than that in leaf buds after formation of the inflorescence primordium and sepal primordium. Before the appearance of stamen primordium, the content of GA3 in flower buds was remarkably lower than that in leaf buds. The ratios of ABA/IAA and ZR/IAA in flower buds were significantly higher than those in leaf buds before the appearance of flower organ primordium. Moreover, ABA content, ABA/ZR, and ABA/GA3 in flower buds were higher than those in leaf buds throughout the whole flower bud morphological differentiation process. Therefore, the reduced ZR content was beneficial to floral induction. The low content of GA3, and high ratios of ABA/IAA and ZR/IAA were conducive to early morphological differentiation. In addition, high ratios of ABA/GA3 and ABA/ZR were beneficial to the morphological differentiation of flower buds. Moreover, the high ABA content was beneficial to floral induction and morphological differentiation of flower buds. Our results shed light on the mechanisms of hormonal regulation of apple flower bud differentiation and could potentially strengthen the theoretical basis for artificial regulation of apple flower bud development using exogenous plant hormones.

scholarly journals The Effects of Endogenous Hormones on the Flowering and Fruiting of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binbin Yan ◽  
Junling Hou ◽  
Jie Cui ◽  
Chao He ◽  
Wenbin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Uralensis ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Differentiation Stage ◽  
Aba Content

Although endogenous hormones play an important role in flower bud differentiation and seed-filling, their effects on the flowering and fruiting of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. remain unknown. In the present study, we investigate the differences in the levels of endogenous hormones gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and indoleacetic acid (IAA) between the fruiting and seedless plants of G. uralensis Fisch. at different growth stages. We also determine the correlations of the endogenous hormone with the rates of flower and fruit falling, rate of empty seeds, rate of shrunken grains, and thousand kernel weight (TKW). The results demonstrate that the IAA and ZR levels of the flowering plants are significantly higher than those of the nonflowering plants at the flower bud differentiation stage. The GA and ABA levels of exfoliated inflorescence plants are considerably higher than those of the flowering and fruiting plants; the rates of falling flowers and fruit are negatively correlated with the IAA level and positively correlated with the ABA level. The ABA content of nonflowering plants is significantly higher than that of fruiting plants. The ZR:GA and IAA:ABA ratios are significantly positively correlated with TKW. The IAA:GA and IAA:ABA ratios are significantly negatively correlated with the rates of empty and shrunken seeds. Thus, we speculate that high IAA and ZR contents are good for flower bud differentiation and seed-filling, and low ABA and ZR contents are beneficial to flower bud development and seed-filling.

scholarly journals Regulation of Flowering Timing by ABA-NnSnRK1 Signaling Pathway in Lotus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3932
Author(s):  
Jing Cao ◽  
Qijiang Jin ◽  
Jiaying Kuang ◽  
Yanjie Wang ◽  
Yingchun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Protein Kinase Activity ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Aba Content ◽  
Flower Bud Abortion

The lotus produces flower buds at each node, yet most of them are aborted because of unfavorable environmental changes and the mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we proposed a potential novel pathway for ABA-mediated flower timing control in the lotus, which was explored by combining molecular, genetic, transcriptomic, biochemical, and pharmacologic approaches. We found that the aborting flower buds experienced extensive programmed cell death (PCD). The hormonal changes between the normal and aborting flower buds were dominated by abscisic acid (ABA). Seedlings treated with increasing concentrations of ABA exhibited a differential alleviating effect on flower bud abortion, with a maximal response at 80 μM. Transcriptome analysis further confirmed the changes of ABA content and the occurrence of PCD, and indicated the importance of PCD-related SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (NnSnRK1). The NnSnRK1-silenced lotus seedlings showed stronger flowering ability, with their flower:leaf ratio increased by 40%. When seedlings were treated with ABA, the expression level and protein kinase activity of NnSnRK1 significantly decreased. The phenotype of NnSnRK1-silenced seedlings could also be enhanced by ABA treatment and reversed by tungstate treatment. These results suggested that the decline of ABA content in lotus flower buds released its repression of NnSnRK1, which then initiated flower bud abortion.

scholarly journals Factors influencing flower bud formation on the pear tree cultivar 'Doyenne du Comice'. I. Shoot growth and flower bud differentiation on trees sprayed with chlormequat and unsprayed ones

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franciszka Jaumień
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Pear Tree ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Flower Bud Formation

The growth of trees sprayed in spring with chlormequat is weaker, and their elongation growth ends 2 - 3 weeks earlier than that of unsprayed trees. Trees with growth inhibited by chlormequat set flower buds on the spurs and in the subapical part of long shoots. The course of flower bud differentiation starts in the second half of July and is similar to that in the apple tree.

scholarly journals RcAP1, a Homolog of APETALA1, is Associated with Flower Bud Differentiation and Floral Organ Morphogenesis in Rosa chinensis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Han ◽  
Aoying Tang ◽  
Jiayao Yu ◽  
Tangren Cheng ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Organ ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Rosa Chinensis ◽  
Organ Morphogenesis ◽  
Floral Primordia ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Rosa chinensis is one of the most popular flower plants worldwide. The recurrent flowering trait greatly enhances the ornamental value of roses, and is the result of the constant formation of new flower buds. Flower bud differentiation has always been a major topic of interest among researchers. The APETALA1 (AP1) MADS-box (Mcm1, Agamous, Deficiens and SRF) transcription factor-encoding gene is important for the formation of the floral meristem and floral organs. However, research on the rose AP1 gene has been limited. Thus, we isolated AP1 from Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush’. An expression analysis revealed that RcAP1 was not expressed before the floral primordia formation stage in flower buds. The overexpression of RcAP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in an early-flowering phenotype. Additionally, the virus-induced down-regulation of RcAP1 expression delayed flowering in ‘Old Blush’. Moreover, RcAP1 was specifically expressed in the sepals of floral organs, while its expression was down-regulated in abnormal sepals and leaf-like organs. These observations suggest that RcAP1 may contribute to rose bud differentiation as well as floral organ morphogenesis, especially the sepals. These results may help for further characterization of the regulatory mechanisms of the recurrent flowering trait in rose.

Pollen development in relation to phenological stages of inflorescence expansion in Amelanchier alnifolia (saskatoon), with a comparison with buds forced out of dormancy

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-268
Author(s):  
Michael J Sumner ◽  
William R Remphrey ◽  
Richard Martin
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Internal Development ◽  
Flower Bud Development

A relationship was developed between phenological stages of inflorescence expansion and the internal development of pollen within the anther of Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. flowers. The major microscopic events associated with microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis were correlated with seven stages of external inflorescence development in both natural buds and those forced from dormancy in different concentrations of gibberellin at various times of the year. In fall and early spring, it was found that gibberellin at a concentration of 2.5 mg/L forced buds to produce inflorescences that most resembled those from natural field populations. However, it was not possible to force flower buds to develop all the way to anthesis. Flower bud development stopped when the pollen was at the binucleate stage. Despite this limitation, the ability to force buds increases the time frame for the study of many aspects of the reproductive biology of A. alnifolia.Key words: microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis, gibberellin, GA, flowering.

THE ROLE OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND GIBBERELLIN-LIKE SUBSTANCES IN THE DORMANCY OF THE CRANBERRY

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. EADY ◽  
G. W. EATON
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Flower Bud Development

The role of applied gibberellic acid (GA3) and endogenous gibberellins in the dormancy requirement of the cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cult McFarlin was investigated. Application of GA3 to unchilled dormant plants resulted in only vegetative growth of the terminal buds. Extraction and bioassay of gibberellin-like substances from both terminal buds and leaves during the 1969–70 season indicate a translocation of these substances from leaves to terminal buds between March 9 and April 6. This coincided with the time of elongation of the terminal buds in the field. The timing of this translocation suggests that these gibberellin-like substances do not play an important role in flower-bud development at this stage.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SWEET CHERRY FLOWER BUD DEVELOPMENT AND FRUIT QUALITY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 668b-668
Author(s):  
Preston K. Andrews ◽  
Shulin Li ◽  
Margaret L. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Flower Bud Development

The development of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L., `Bing') flower buds from winter through anthesis was examined. Shoots were collected from the top and bottom of the canopy. The weight and size of flower buds and primordia produced on last-season's and 1-year-old wood were measured. As early as mid-December bud and primordia size and weight were greater on last-season's wood than on 1-year-old wood, with the largest and heaviest buds and primordia produced on last-season's wood in the bottom of the canopy. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of primordia per bud and primordium weight. The relationship between flower bud and primordia size during mid-December and ovary size at anthesis suggests a causal relationship, which may be a major source of variation influencing harvested fruit size and quality.

scholarly journals Water Stress Alter Leaf Hydric Status and Flower Bud Development in Apricot cv. “Royal”

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
H. Ramírez ◽  
A. I. Melendres- Alvarez ◽  
A. Zermeño- González ◽  
D. Jasso- Cantú ◽  
J. A. Villarreal- Quintanilla
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Flower Bud Development

Aims: The apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), is a drought-sensitive deciduous fruit. This concept arises from the fact that soil moisture stress can: Decrease the number and quality of flower buds differentiated; delay the time of flower differentiation and decrease the number of flower buds per shoot. The objectives of this investigation were to determine: The extent to which drought influences water status in the leaves; its effect on flower buds development and on bloom in apricot cv. “Royal”. Study Design: Trees were divided into 6 groups of six replicate each under a random block design. Results were analyzed using the statistical program 'RStudio' for Windows version 10 and data obtained subjected to a comparison of means with the Tukey (P≤0.05) test. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture in Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Mexico, during 2018-2019. Methodology: Seven-year-old apricot trees growing in containers were subjected to a 4 to 5week period of water stress at different times during the growing season. Leaf water potential was periodically measured and flower bud development was followed from early differentiation up to full bloom. Results: Leaf water potential in water stressed trees was constantly low. Water stress early in the season induced a delay in bud development during late summer and fall. Water stress late in the season did not appreciably affect the rate of bud development. Full bloom was delayed when water stress was applied in late summer and fall. Water stress at flower bud initiation and differentiation, together with high temperatures, may have induced flowers with double pistils. Water stress from April through October did not induce flower drop. Conclusion: Soil water stress severely affect leaf water potential; delays flower bud development and may induce flowers with double pistils without flower drop.

scholarly journals Temporal and Spatial Pattern of Indole-3-acetic Acid Occurrence during Walnut Pistillate Flower Bud Differentiation as Revealed by Immunohistochemistry

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Gao ◽  
Hao Liu ◽  
Ningguang Dong ◽  
Dong Pei
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Pistillate Flower ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

We used anti-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) monoclonal antibodies to monitor the temporal and spatial pattern of IAA during pistillate flower bud differentiation in the walnut (Juglans regia) cultivar Liaoning 1. Based on morphological changes, the process of pistillate flower bud differentiation was divided into five stages. The flower induction stage, which includes the early phase, midphase, and late phase, persisted from 25 Apr. to the end of May. The pedicel differentiation stage began on 5 June. The bract primordium stage began on 25 June and persisted through mid-March of the next year. Both the perianth and pistil differentiation stages persisted for nearly 2 weeks. During the floral induction period, little IAA was present in the shoot apical meristem (SAM); hence, the SAM may not always be a site of IAA production. IAA was obviously concentrated in cells of the first several layers of the SAM during pedicel primordium formation. High levels of IAA were also noted in the phyllome, young leaf tips, and vascular bundle of leaves and gemmae. This direct evidence indicates that no close relationship exists between IAA and physiological differentiation; instead, IAA may strongly affect morphogenesis. These findings comprise a first step toward elucidating the walnut flowering mechanism.

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