scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) and Mineral Nutrition with a Special Focus on Nitrogen

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Natália Pereira ◽  
John C. Cushman
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Cam Plants ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Cam Species ◽  
The Relationship

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is characterized by nocturnal CO2 uptake and concentration, reduced photorespiration, and increased water-use efficiency (WUE) when compared to C3 and C4 plants. Plants can perform different types of CAM and the magnitude and duration of CAM expression can change based upon several abiotic conditions, including nutrient availability. Here, we summarize the abiotic factors that are associated with an increase in CAM expression with an emphasis on the relationship between CAM photosynthesis and nutrient availability, with particular focus on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. Additionally, we examine nitrogen uptake and assimilation as this macronutrient has received the greatest amount of attention in studies using CAM species. We also discuss the preference of CAM species for different organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen, including nitrate, ammonium, glutamine, and urea. Lastly, we make recommendations for future research areas to better understand the relationship between macronutrients and CAM and how their interaction might improve nutrient and water-use efficiency in order to increase the growth and yield of CAM plants, especially CAM crops that may become increasingly important as global climate change continues.

Carbon isotope composition and water-use efficiency in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Winter ◽  
Jorge Aranda ◽  
Joseph A. M. Holtum
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Δ13c Value ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Cam Species

The relationship between water-use efficiency, measured as the transpiration ratio (g H2O transpired g–1 above- plus below-ground dry mass accumulated), and 13C / 12C ratio (expressed as δ13C value) of bulk biomass carbon was compared in 15 plant species growing under tropical conditions at two field sites in the Republic of Panama. The species included five constitutive crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species [Aloe vera (L.) Webb & Berth., Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Euphorbia tirucalli L., Kalanchoë daigremontiana Hamet et Perr., Kalanchoë pinnata (Lam.) Pers.], two species of tropical C3 trees (Tectona grandis Linn. f. and Swietenia macrophylla King), one C4 species (Zea mays L.), and seven arborescent species of the neotropical genus Clusia, of which two exhibited pronounced CAM. The transpiration ratios of the C3 and CAM species, which ranged between 496 g H2O g–1 dry mass in the C3–CAM species Clusia pratensis Seeman to 54 g H2O g–1 dry mass in the constitutive CAM species Aloe vera, correlated strongly with δ13C values and nocturnal CO2 gain suggesting that δ13C value can be used to estimate both water-use efficiency and the proportion of CO2 gained by CAM species during the light and the dark integrated over the lifetime of the tissues.

Use of infrared thermography for monitoring crassulacean acid metabolism

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bronwyn J. Barkla ◽  
Timothy Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Cam Plants ◽  
Use Efficiency

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is an alternative carbon fixation pathway that imparts high water-use efficiency in plants adapted to warm, semiarid climates. With concerns that global warming will negatively influence crop production, turning agricultural focus towards CAM plants may provide a solution to increase productivity using either unconventional crops on marginal land or incorporating CAM molecular mechanisms into conventional crops and improving water-use efficiency. For this to be feasible, deeper insights into CAM pathway regulation are essential. To facilitate this research new tools which simplify procedures for detecting and measuring CAM are needed. Here we describe a non-invasive, non-destructive, simplified method using infrared thermography for monitoring CAM in the annual desert succulent Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. via detection of changes in leaf temperature brought about by the absence of transpiration due to daytime reduction in stomatal conductance. This method is sensitive, measuring temperature differences of ± 1°C, can be used in both the field and green house and is not restricted by leaf architecture. It offers an alternative to the commonly used gas exchange methods to measure CAM that are technically difficult to acquire and require the use of expensive and cumbersome equipment.

scholarly journals Engineering crassulacean acid metabolism to improve water-use efficiency

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 327-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Borland ◽  
James Hartwell ◽  
David J. Weston ◽  
Karen A. Schlauch ◽  
Timothy J. Tschaplinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Use Efficiency

scholarly journals Optimizing Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency Based on the Relationship between Leaf Area Index and Evapotranspiration

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Guoqiang Zhang ◽  
Bo Ming ◽  
Dongping Shen ◽  
Ruizhi Xie ◽  
Peng Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

Achieving optimal balance between maize yield and water use efficiency is an important challenge for irrigation maize production in arid areas. In this study, we conducted an experiment in Xinjiang China in 2016 and 2017 to quantify the response of maize yield and water use to plant density and irrigation schedules. The treatments included four irrigation levels: 360 (W1), 480 (W2), 600 (W3), and 720 mm (W4), and five plant densities: 7.5 (D1), 9.0 (D2), 10.5 (D3), 12.0 (D4), and 13.5 plants m−2 (D5). The results showed that increasing the plant density and the irrigation level could both significantly increase the leaf area index (LAI). However, LAI expansion significantly increased evapotranspiration (ETa) under irrigation. The combination of irrigation level 600 mm (W3) and plant density 12.0 plants m−2 (D4) produced the highest maize yield (21.0–21.2 t ha−1), ETa (784.1–797.8 mm), and water use efficiency (WUE) (2.64–2.70 kg m−3), with an LAI of 8.5–8.7 at the silking stage. The relationship between LAI and grain yield and evapotranspiration were quantified, and, based on this, the relationship between water use and maize productivity was analyzed. Moreover, the optimal LAI was established to determine the reasonable irrigation level and coordinate the relationship between the increase in grain yield and the decrease in water use efficiency.

Discrimination in Carbon Isotopes of Leaves Correlates With Water-Use Efficiency of Field-Grown Peanut Cultivars

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Wright ◽  
KT Hubick ◽  
GD Farquhar
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

Variation in water-use efficiency (W, g of total dry matter produced/kg water used), and its correlation with cultivar isotope discrimination in leaves (Δ) was assessed in peanut plants grown in small canopies in the field. Plants were grown in separate minilysimeters that were both embedded in the ground and positioned above the crop. Differences among cultivars were found in W and � and the relationship between W and Δ was compared for plants grown in open and closed canopies. Genetic variability in W in plants grown in the field under non-limiting water conditions was demonstrated, with Tifton-8, of Virginia habit, having the highest W (3.71 g/kg) and Rangkasbitung, an Indonesian cultivar of Spanish habit, the lowest (2.46 g/ kg). Variability in W was due to variation in total dry matter production more than that of water use. A strong negative correlation was found between Δ and W, and also between Δ and total dry matter. The relationship between whole plant W, including roots, and Δ was stronger than that between shoot W, without roots and Δ. The improvement occurred because of variation among cultivars in the root to shoot ratio. This highlights the importance of taking account of root dry matter in studies concerning W. There were significant differences in W and Δ between plants in pots above-ground compared to pots in the ground, with above-ground plants having significantly lower values of both W and Δ. The ranking of W and Δ among cultivars was not affected by the contrast in environment, which suggests these parameters are under strong genetic control. Total above-ground dry matter yield at maturity was negatively correlated with Δ, while pod yield was not. It appears a negative association between harvest index and Δ may exist; however not all cultivars used in this and other studies follow this response. Both water-use efficiency, Wand total dry matter production are negatively correlated with Δ in leaves of peanut plants grown in small canopies in the field. Measurement of Δ may prove a useful trait for selecting cultivars with improved W and total dry matter yield under field conditions.

scholarly journals CO2 starvation experiments provide support for the carbon-limited hypothesis on the evolution of CAM-like behaviour in Isoëtes

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-141
Author(s):  
Jacob S Suissa ◽  
Walton A Green
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Cam Plants ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Nocturnal Acid Accumulation

Abstract Background and Aims Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is an adaptation to increase water use efficiency in dry environments. Similar biochemical patterns occur in the aquatic lycophyte genus Isoëtes. It has long been assumed and accepted that CAM-like behaviour in these aquatic plants is an adaptation to low daytime carbon levels in aquatic ecosystems, but this has never been directly tested. Methods To test this hypothesis, populations of Isoëtes engelmannii and I. tuckermanii were grown in climate-controlled chambers and starved of atmospheric CO2 during the day while pH was measured for 24 h. Key Results We demonstrate that terrestrial plants exposed to low atmospheric CO2 display diel acidity cycles similar to those in both xerophytic CAM plants and submerged Isoëtes. Conclusions Daytime CO2 starvation induces CAM-like nocturnal acid accumulation in terrestrial Isoëtes, substantiating the hypothesis that carbon starvation is a selective pressure for this physiological behaviour.

Testing a hypothesis of the relationship between productivity and water use efficiency in Patagonian forests with native and exotic species

2008 ◽  
Vol 255 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 3281-3287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Gyenge ◽  
María Elena Fernández ◽  
Mauro Sarasola ◽  
Tomás Schlichter
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Drought Enhances the Role of Competition in Mediating the Relationship between Tree Growth and Climate in Semi-Arid Areas of Northwest China

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanglong Lu ◽  
Ning Chen ◽  
Cankun Zhang ◽  
Xiaoxue Dong ◽  
Changming Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

Climate variability can exert a powerful impact on biotic competition, but past studies have focused largely on short-lived species, with a lack of attention to long-lived species such as trees. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate how competition regulates the climate-growth relationship in mature trees. We sampled the dominant tree species, Picea wilsonii Mast., on Xinglong Mountain, China, and studied the above issues by analyzing the relationship between tree radial growth, precipitation, and competition. In relatively wet years (precipitation > average), there was no significant difference in climate sensitivity between different competition classes. However, trees suffering from highly competitive stress were more sensitive to climate variability in all years, and particularly in the subset of years that was relatively drought (precipitation < average). These results suggest that competition enhances its ability to regulate tree growth response to climate variability in adverse weather conditions. Competition for resources between trees was asymmetrical, and an increase in height could give trees a disproportionate benefit. Thus, at trunk-level, both basal area incremental growth and intrinsic water-use efficiency of trees subjected to low competitive stress were significantly higher than trees that are subjected to highly competitive stress. Although the intrinsic water-use efficiency of trees under highly competitive stress increased more rapidly as the drought level increases, this did not change the fact that the radial growth of them declined more. Our research is valuable for the development of individual-tree growth models and advances our understanding for forest management under global climate change.

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