scholarly journals Pairing and Exchanging between Daypyrum villosum Chromosomes 6V#2 and 6V#4 in the Hybrids of Two Different Wheat Alien Substitution Lines

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6063
Author(s):  
Ma ◽  
Xu ◽  
Wang ◽  
Chen ◽  
Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relationship ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Pcr Markers ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Physical Maps ◽  
Allelism Tests ◽  
Pairing Behavior ◽  
Form Ring ◽  
Mother Cells

Normal pairing and exchanging is an important basis to evaluate the genetic relationship between homologous chromosomes in a wheat background. The pairing behavior between 6V#2 and 6V#4, two chromosomes from different Dasypyrum villosum accessions, is still not clear. In this study, two wheat alien substitution lines, 6V#2 (6A) and 6V#4 (6D), were crossed to obtain the F1 hybrids and F2 segregating populations, and the testcross populations were obtained by using the F1 as a parent crossed with wheat variety Wan7107. The chromosomal behavior at meiosis in pollen mother cells (PMCs) of the F1 hybrids was observed using a genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) technique. Exchange events of two alien chromosomes were investigated in the F2 populations using nine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers located on the 6V short arm. The results showed that the two alien chromosomes could pair with each other to form ring- or rod-shaped bivalent chromosomes in 79.76% of the total PMCs, and most were pulled to two poles evenly at anaphase I. Investigation of the F2 populations showed that the segregation ratios of seven markers were consistent with the theoretical values 3:1 or 1:2:1, and recombinants among markers were detected. A genetic linkage map of nine PCR markers for 6VS was accordingly constructed based on the exchange frequencies and compared with the physical maps of wheat and barley based on homologous sequences of the markers, which showed that conservation of sequence order compared to 6V was 6H and 6B > 6A > 6D. In the testcross populations with 482 plants, seven showed susceptibility to powdery mildew (PM) and lacked amplification of alien chromosomal bands. Six other plants had amplification of specific bands of both the alien chromosomes at multiple sites, which suggested that the alien chromosomes had abnormal separation behavior in about 1.5% of the PMCs in F1, which resulted in some gametes containing two alien chromosomes. In addition, three new types of chromosome substitution were developed. This study lays a foundation for alien allelism tests and further assessment of the genetic relationship among 6V#2, 6V#4, and their wheat homoeologous chromosomes.

Chromosomal Location of Genes for Flour Quality in the Wheat Variety ‘Cheyenne’ Using Substitution Lines 1

Crop Science ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind Morris ◽  
J. W. Schmidt ◽  
P. J. Mattern ◽  
V. A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Location ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Flour Quality

NONSTRUCTURAL CHROMOSOME DIFFERENTIATION AMONG WHEAT CULTIVARS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DIFFERENTIATION OF CHROMOSOMES IN RELATED SPECIES

Genetics ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-414
Author(s):  
Jan Dvořák ◽  
Patrick E McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Chromosome Differentiation ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Homoeologous Chromosomes

ABSTRACT Wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) was crossed with cultivars Hope, Cheyenne and Timstein. In all three hybrids, the frequencies of pollen mother cells (PMCs) with univalents at metaphase I (MI) were higher than those in the parental cultivars. No multivalents were observed in the hybrids, indicating that the cultivars do not differ by translocations. Thirty-one Chinese Spring telosomic lines were then crossed with substitution lines in which single chromosomes of the three cultivars were substituted for their Chinese Spring homologues. The telosomic lines were also crossed with Chinese Spring. Data were collected on the frequencies (% of PMCs) of pairing of the telesomes with their homologues at MI and the regularity of pairing of the remaining 20 pairs of Chinese Spring chromosomes in the monotelodisomics obtained from these crosses. The reduced MI pairing in the intercultivar hybrids was caused primarily by chromosome differentiation, rather than by specific genes. Because the differentiation involved a large part of the chromosome complement in each hybrid, it was concluded that it could not be caused by structural changes such as inversions or translocations. In each case, the differentiation appeared to be unevenly distributed among the three wheat genomes. It is proposed that the same kind of differentiation, although of greater magnitude, differentiates homoeologous chromosomes and is responsible, together with structural differentiation, for poor chromosome pairing in interspecific hybrids.

Chromosomal Differentiation Among Ecotypes of Phalaris aquatica L.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Putievsky ◽  
RN Oram ◽  
K Malafant
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Geographic Origins ◽  
Meiotic Irregularities ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Chromosomal Differentiation ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
F2 Progeny

Seventy-two hybrids of P. aquatica were made among 13 diverse Mediterranean ecotypes and cv. Australian, and five indicators of hybrid abnormality were measured in the first two generations. The proportions of stainable, apparently normal pollen grains formed by F, hybrids varied between 5 and 98% and their spikelet fertility ranged from 19 to 77%. Of the 43 hybrids that were derived from pairs of self-incompatible parents, 13 were highly self-compatible. Crosses between lines from different groups of parents produced F2 progeny containing up to 17% of lethal seedlings and up to 39% of male sterile plants. In the cross between cv. Australian and the Moroccan ecotype, CPI 19331: the frequency ofzebra-striped lethal seedlings was as high as 33% in F2 progenies, but only 0 or 1% in back-crosses to either parent. Hence the zebra-striped phenotype was not caused by a mutation existing in the parents but rather by deletions or duplications generated during meiosis in the F1 hybrids. Many meiotic irregularities were observed in the pollen mother cells of the F1 and F2 hybrids between cv. Australian and CPI 19331. These included small loops, acentric fragments, univalents and multivalents at diakinesis, and bridges at anaphase I, indicating that the genomes of these two lines differed by several inversions and interchanges. These structural differences would lead to a range of duplications and deficiencies in the gametes. and hence could account for each of the five kinds of hybrid abnormality observed in the F1 and F2 generations. One aneuploid F2 plant with 25 chromosomes was found. A dihaploid plant in cv. Australian had an average of 4.3 bivalents per pollen mother cell, whereas virtually all chromosomes in the tetraploid parental lines paired as bivalents. Thus, P. aquatica is a segmental allotetraploid with a system which prevents homoeologous pairing in tetraploids but not in dihaploids. The partial barriers to hybridization between P. aquatica lines are not closely related to their geographic origins or varietal classifications. These barriers may hinder but have not prevented the recombination of parental traits during the development of improved cultivars.

Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis and Meiotic Pairing Behavior of Progenies Originating from a Hexaploid Triticale (×Triticosecale, Wittmack) and Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) Cross

2020 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Aybeniz J. Aliyeva ◽  
András Farkas ◽  
Naib Kh. Aminov ◽  
Klaudia Kruppa ◽  
Márta Molnár-Láng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Addition Line ◽  
Meiotic Pairing ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Triticale Line ◽  
Pairing Behavior

The chromosomal constitution of 9 dwarf (D) and 8 semidwarf (SD) lines derived by crossing hexaploid Triticale line NA-75 (AABBRR, 2n = 6x = 42) with Triticumaestivum (AABBDD, 2n = 6x = 42) cv. Chinese Spring was investigated using molecular cytogenetic techniques: fluorescence in situ hybridization and genomic in situ hybridization. A wheat-rye translocation (T4DS.7RL), 8 substitution lines, and a ditelosomic addition line (7RSdt) were identified. In the substitution lines, 1, 2, or 4 pairs of wheat chromosomes, belonging to the A, B, or D genome, were replaced by rye chromosomes. Substitutions between chromosomes belonging to different wheat genomes [5B(5A), 1D(1B)] also occurred. The lines were genetically stable, each carrying 42 chromosomes, except the wheat-rye ditelosomic addition line, which carried 21 pairs of wheat chromosomes and 1 pair of rye telocentric chromosomes (7RS). The chromosome pairing behavior of the lines was studied during metaphase I of meiosis. The chromosome pairing level and the number of ring bivalents were different for each line. Besides rod bivalents, univalent and multivalent associations (tri- and quadrivalents) were also detected. The main goal of the experiment was to develop genetically stable wheat/Triticale recombinant lines carrying chromosomes/chromatin fragments originating from the R genome of Triticale line NA-75. Introgression of rye genes into hexaploid wheat can broaden its genetic diversity, and the newly developed lines can be used in wheat breeding programs.

Substitution analysis of seedling stage copper tolerance in wheat

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Bálint ◽  
G. Kovács ◽  
A. Börner ◽  
G. Galiba ◽  
J. Sutka
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Copper Tolerance ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Single Chromosome ◽  
Homologous Group ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Allelic Differences ◽  
Group 5

The relatively copper-tolerant wheat variety Chinese Spring (recipient), the copper-sensitive variety Cappelle Desprez (donor) and their substitution lines were screened for copper tolerance in a soil pot experiment under artificial growth conditions. Chromosomes 5A, 5B, 5D and 7D of Cappelle Desprez significantly decreased the copper tolerance of the recipient variety to varying extents.  By contrast, the 6B and 3D chromosomes significantly increased the copper tolerance of Chinese Spring, suggesting that a wide range of allelic differences could be expected between wheat genotypes for this character. The significant role of homologous group 5 in copper tolerance was confirmed by testing wheat-rye substitution lines. The substitution of rye chromosome 5R (5R/5A substitution line) into a wheat genetic background significantly increased the copper tolerance of the recipient wheat genotype. The results suggest that chromosomes 5R and 5A probably carry major genes or gene complexes responsible for copper tolerance, and that the copper tolerance of wheat can be improved through the substitution of a single chromosome carrying the responsible genes. At the same time, it is also possible that the effect of homologous group 5 is not specific to copper tolerance, but that the genes located on these chromosomes belong to a general stress adaptation (frost, cold, vernalisation requirements, etc.) complex, which has already been detected on this chromosome. To answer this question further studies are needed to determine the real effect of these chromosome regions and loci on copper tolerance.

SEEDLING REACTIONS TO STEM RUST OF LINES OF MARQUIS WHEAT WITH SUBSTITUTED GENES FOR RUST RESISTANCE

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Green ◽  
D. R. Knott ◽  
I. A. Watson ◽  
A. T. Pugsley
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
North American ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Moderate Resistance

Lines of the wheat variety Marquis carrying genes Sr6, Sr7, Sr8, Sr9, Sr10, and Sr6 plus Sr7 for resistance to stem rust were produced by the backcross method. The reactions of these lines to 99 North American cultures of 29 races of stem rust and to 8 Australian cultures were determined. Genes Sr6, Sr8, and Sr9 conferred a uniform type of resistance to most of the cultures. Genes Sr7 and Sr10 conferred only moderate resistance to a few cultures. Genes Sr6, Sr8, and Sr9 appeared to confer the same kind of resistance in Marquis after 5 backcrosses as in the source varieties, but Sr7 and Sr10 seemed less effective. Results of the infection studies indicated that Sr7 may be allelic with a gene for resistance in Marquis and that at least two alleles conditioning different rust reactions may occur at the Sr9 locus. The reactions of the lines with Sr6, Sr8, and Sr9 were nearly identical with those of the Chinese Spring substitution lines, Red Egyptian XX, Red Egyptian VI, and Red Egyptian XIII respectively, which presumably have these genes. The data indicated that Sr6 is the same as SrKa1 and Sr9 is the same as SrKb1. The resistance of lines with Sr7, Sr8, and Sr9 was affected only slightly by temperature but the resistance of lines with Sr10 and especially of those with Sr6 diminished at high temperature.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF PARENTS GENETIC DIVERGENCE ON HETEROSIS OF F1-HYBRIDS OF SPRING TRITICALE

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Olga A Orlovskaya ◽  
Lidia V Koren ◽  
Lubov V Khotyleva
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Relationship ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Molecular Heterogeneity ◽  
Spring Triticale

Molecular heterogeneity was studied in 20 spring triticale accessions by using ISSR- and RAPD-markers, which allowed the studied material to be grouped according to the degree of genetic relationship and to choose genetically distant parental pairs for crosses to obtain heterotic hybrids. Expression of heterosis of F1 triticale hybrids was studied. Evaluation of the degree of parents genetic divergence on the heterosis level of F1-hybrids revealed that increase of genetic distance values between parental components leads to higher probability of obtaining heterotic hybrids.

CYTOGENETICS OF 6X-AMPHIPLOID × AVENA SATIVA L. F1 HYBRIDS

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Forsberg ◽  
S. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Sperm Nuclei ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells

Avena abyssinica (2n=28) × A. strigosa (2n=14) 6x amphiploids were crossed with 13 different A. sativa (2n=42) varieties or selections. There was considerable variation in chromosome number within and among F1 plants. The mode was 40 in root tip cells and 41 in pollen mother cells (PMC's). The number of univalents in PMC's ranged from 10 to 27 with a mean of 18.9. The average number of bivalents was 7.1, ranging from 2 to 13. Multiple associations were common. Only 10.8% of the pollen grains contained normally developed nuclei, i.e. one vegetative and two elongated sperm nuclei. Forty of 41 F1 plants were completely self-sterile and only one seed was obtained from 16,950 florets. Seed set in backcross pollinations with A. sativa was 1.25%, providing some opportunity for perpetuation of desirable genes from lower ploidy levels.

GENETIC ANALYSES OF CERTAIN CHARACTERS IN COMMON WHEAT USING WHOLE CHROMOSOME SUBSTITUTION LINES

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kuspira ◽  
John Unrau
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Winter Growth Habit

Three sets of substitution lines of the spring wheat variety Chinese with chromosomes from the donor varieties Thatcher, Hope and Timstein were used to study the genetics of awning, earliness, lodging, plant height, spike density, 1000-kernel weight and yield. The various substitution lines, each representing a genotype that differs from that of the recipient variety only with respect to the genes carried by the substituted chromosome, were studied in replicated field trials so that environmental effects on the character in question could be easily removed by appropriate analysis. This permitted a comparison of the genetic effects of individual chromosomes against the standard based on the performance of a population of like genotypes.Genes conditioning awning were associated with seven chromosomes. Studies of earliness indicated that time of heading is conditioned by (a) major genes that differentiate spring and winter growth habit, and (b) genes that modify the expression of growth habit genes to a greater or lesser extent. Differences in spike density among the lines were due to minor genes only; the same was true for plant height. Lodging, protein content, 1000-kernel weight and yield were found to be conditioned by polymeric or multiple genes on many chromosomes; the effects of these individual genes though small were not usually equal.Where a substituted chromosome brings about a significant departure in character expression from that of the recipient variety, a method is outlined whereby the number of genes on a particular chromosome can be determined. The merits of the substitution method are discussed, and it is concluded that it is valuable, and gives a high degree of precision in genetic studies of polyploid organisms and that under certain conditions its effectiveness is similar to that of the backcross method for incorporating characters controlled by one or two genes into a given line or variety.

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