Influence of long-term fertilization on yield and quality of spring triticale grain

Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is a promising cereal crop that has a number of economically valuable properties that are absent in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The research was conducted at Uman National University of Horticulture (Ukraine) in a long-term stationary experiment, founded in 1964. The aim of the work was to study the influence of long-term application of different fertilizer systems (mineral, organic and organo-mineral) on the yield and grain quality of spring triticale. It has been established that in the conditions of high air temperature and soil moisture deficit, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems have an advantage. In sufficient wet conditions, all studied fertilizer systems are highly efficient. Spring triticale (Kharkiv Hlibodar variety) has a high reaction to fertilizers, as grain yield increases from 6.3–6.6 to 9.0–9.5 t ha-1 (р≤0.05). Mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems have the greatest effect on protein content. In conditions of sufficient moisture, all levels of mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems significantly increase the protein content in spring triticale grain. In arid conditions, saturation of crop rotation area with N90P90K90 (M2), N135P135K135 (M3) and Manure 9 t +N46P68K36 (OM2), Manure 13.5 t + N69P102K54 (OM3) is preferred. It should be noted that spring triticale is quite reactive with fertilizers, as the protein content increases from 13.2–14.0 to 15.2–16.0% (р≤0.05) depending on the fertilizer system. The high influence of fertilizer system and year factors on yield and protein content in triticale grain has been established. It should be noted that spring triticale grain yield varies most from the weather conditions of the growing season.

“Timiryazevskaya 42” — new variety of spring triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm. ex. Camus)

Исследования выполнены в 2008–2021 годах в ФГБОУ ВО «РГАУ–МСХА им. К. А. Тимирязева» (г. Москва), ФГБУН «Главный ботанический сад им. Н. В. Цицина РАН» (Московская обл., Истринский р-н) и ФГБНУ «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт сельскохозяйственной биотехнологии» (г. Москва). Целью исследований являлось создание нового конкурентного сорта яровой тритикале, обладающего комплексом хозяйственно ценных признаков, пригодного для кормления и хлебопечения. Исходным материалом для создания служили сортообразцы, полученные из коллекции ВИР, селекционных учреждений страны, и авторские линии, отобранные из гибридных популяций, созданных с помощью внутривидовой и отдалённой гибридизации. В статье представлен новый конкурентный сорт яровой тритикале (× Triticosecale Wittm. ex. Camus) Тимирязевская 42, переданный на государственной сортоиспытание в 2019 году. Он был создан совместными усилиями коллектива авторов Главного ботанического сада им. Н. В. Цицина РАН и Всероссийского научно-исследовательского института сельскохозяйственной биотехнологии. Сорт предназначен для возделывания в условиях Центрального, Центрально-Чернозёмного, Средневолжского, Северо-Кавказского и Волго-Вятского регионов. Гексаплоид. Колос белый, средней плотности, полностью остистый. Время колошения среднее. Высота растений перед уборкой — 85–95 см. Тимирязевская 42 обладает комплексом хозяйственно ценных признаков: урожайность — 3,5–5,5 т/га, содержание белка — 12–14%, клейковины — 16–18%. Устойчив к полеганию. Вегетационный период — 91–95 дней. Сорт устойчив к мучнистой росе, листовой и стеблевой ржавчине, спорынье. Хорошо поддаётся механизированной уборке. Отзывчив на внесение минеральных удобрений. Для возделывания сорта в ЦРНЗ рекомендуется полуинтенсивная и интенсивная технологии возделывания с внесением азотных удобрений в предпосевную культивацию не менее 120–150 кг/га д.в. азота. The research was caried out at the Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University (Moscow), Leading Botanical Garden n. a. N. V. Tsitsin (the Moscow region, Istrinskiy district) and All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (Moscow) in 2008–2021. The aim was to breed new competitive variety of spring triticale carrying the number of economically important traits that can be used both for livestock feeding and bread baking. The initial material — genotypes obtained from the collection of the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Breeding Institutions and hybrid populations of intra- and interspecific hybridization. The article reports on new competitive variety of spring triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm. ex. Camus) “Timiryazevskaya 42” that was sent to a State Variety Trial in 2019. The variety was obtained by the collaboration of the Leading Botanical Garden n. a. N. V. Tsitsin and All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology. “Timiryazevskaya 42” is adapted to the conditions of the Central, Central-Chernozem, Middle Volga, North Caucasian and Volga-Vyatka regions. The variety is hexaploid and has awned white head of medium density. Heading time is average. Plant height before harvesting — 85–95 cm. “Timiryazevskaya 42” yields 3.5–5.5 t ha-1 of grain, contains 12–14% of protein and 16–18% of gluten. It is resistant to lodging. Growing season amounts to 91–95 days. The variety shows good tolerance to powdery mildew, leaf and stem rusts as well as ergot. It is suitable for mechanized harvesting and responds well to mineral fertilization. In order to cultivate the variety in the Central Non-Chernozem region semi-intensive and intensive technologies are recommended including the application of minimum 120–150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen prior to seeding

Evaluation of valuable agronomic traits of spring triticale in a long-term breeding trial

The analysis of data of long-term breeding trials of spring hexaploid triticale, used for forage and grains, was carried out using mathematical methods and developed software. The valuable agronomic traits of the ideal variety have been determined. The possibility of purposeful breeding for adaptability to the conditions of the region when creating new high-yielding varieties is shown.

TaGRF3-2A Improves Some Agronomically Valuable Traits in Semi-Dwarf Spring Triticale

The breeding improvement of triticale is tightly associated with the introgression of dwarfing genes, in particular, gibberellin (GA)-insensitive Ddw1 from rye. Despite the increase in harvest index and resistance to lodging, this gene adversely affects grain weight and size. Growth regulation factor (GRF) genes are plant-specific transcription factors that play an important role in plant growth, including GA-induced stem elongation. This study presents the results of a two-year field experiment to assess the effect of alleles of the TaGRF3-2A gene in interaction with DDW1 on economically valuable traits of spring triticale plants grown in the Non-Chernozem zone. Our results show that, depending on the allelic state, the TaGRF3-2A gene in semi-dwarf spring triticale plants influences the thousand grain weight and the grain weight of the main spike in spring triticale, which makes it possible to use it to compensate for the negative effects of the dwarfing allele Ddw1. The identified allelic variants of the TaGRF3-2A gene can be included in marker-assisted breeding for triticale to improve traits.

Inheritance of Special Productivity Characters by Hybrids F1 of Spring Triticale in the Conditions of the Vladimir Region

The main method of breeding spring hexaploid Triticale is intravariety hybridization. At the same time, the effectiveness of breeding work depends on the correct selection of parental forms for crosses. However, the parental forms show different combining ability according to selective characteristics. In this regard, selection is more effective if it is based on information about their inheritance obtained through genetic analysis. The purpose of the research is to study the nature of inheritance of the main characteristics of productivity of the main ear (number of spikelets per ear, number of grains per ear, weight of grain per ear, weight of 1000 grains) hybrids of spring triticale F1 in agroecological conditions of the Vladimir region. The material of the study was 20 reciprocal hybrid combinations of spring triticale in comparison with the parental forms. To create hybrids of the first generation, four varieties of domestic selection and one Belarusian with high indicators of economically valuable traits were involved in hybridization. A different degree of phenotypic dominance has been established, which determines the type of inheritance of quantitative signs of productivity of the main ear. Reciprocal F1 hybrids differed in the degree of dominance from depression (negative overdominance) to heterosis (positive overdominance). The heterosis effect depended on which parental form was taken for the maternal, and which for the paternal. Hybrid F1 combinations with a high degree of overdominance of the main characteristics of the productivity of the main ear are identified: Lotas × Norman, Norman × Lotas, Norman × Grebeschok, Amigo × Grebeschok, Amigo × Norman.

Technological properties of triticale (Secale cereale L.) grown under unconventional agriculture

During the period 2019 - 2020, a study was conducted on soil type calcic chernozem with Kolorit triticale variety. The experiment is based on the block method, in four replications with a size of the experimental plot of 10 m2. Sowing was carried out in October with a sowing rate of 500 sprouts/m2 after the predecessor sugar beet. In the appropriate periods, treatments were made in 4 variants: 1) Control - untreated variant, 2) Treatment with biodynamic preparations: 500 + Fladen preparation + preparation 501, 3) Treatment with biological preparations: Heliosulfur + Free N, 4) Combined treatment with the same biodynamic and biological preparations. Preparation 500 was applied in the phase of autumn and spring triticale tillering - 5% solution. Preparation 501 was applied in the phase of ear formation - 1.5 g for 30 l of water/da. Fladen preparation was applied in the phase of autumn and spring tillering - 1.5% solution. Heliosulfur was applied in the ear formation phase - flowering at a dose of 50 ml/da, on an appropriate date on the biodynamic calendar. Free N was applied to the soil in the phase of autumn and spring tillering at a dose of 50 ml/da, on an appropriate date on the biodynamic calendar. The analysis of the technological qualities is made according to the respective ISO methodology. The statistical data processing was performed with the STATGRAPH program. The application of biodynamic and biological preparations and their joint use leads to an increase in the content of Nitrogen-free Extracts, an increase in the content of Minerals and Ca in the variant treated with a combination of biodynamic and biological preparations. Treatment with biodynamic preparations has been shown to increase the dry matter and organic matter content of the grain, while when compared to the control one, a difference in the same indicators has been observed only in the second year of the experiment with biological preparations. Treatment with biodynamic and biological preparations and their joint use did not affect the content of N, P and K.

Selection value of new spring triticale varieties

Aim. To study the selection value of new spring triticale varieties according to the main economic and valuable properties (duration of the growing season, plant height, lodging resistance, resistance to diseases, tillering coefficient, grain weight from one ear, grain yield). Methods. Laboratory, mathematical and statistical, physical. Results. The duration of the growing season of spring triticale was longer compared to wheat. Thus, it was the longest in 2015–122 days, in 2014–112, and in 2013–102 days or 3–9 days more compared to wheat, except for 2014 in which the duration of the growing season of spring wheat was 117 days. This figure did not change depending on the variety of spring triticale over the years of research. The shorter growing season of spring triticale in 2013 was apparently due to the later sowing period. On average, over three years of research, the height of spring triticale plants varied from 99 to 105 cm depending on the variety. Triticale spring exceeded soft spring wheat by 2–8 %. However, Heritage durum wheat plants were the highest. This figure has changed significantly over the years of research. Thus, the highest plants were in the favourable 2014 – 108–129 cm, the shortest in the less favourable 2013 – 85–92 cm, and in 2015 – 100–106 cm. Spring triticale plants had the highest resistance to pathogens of leaf spot in 2015. In 2014, the intensity of their defeat was at the level of 4.0–4.5% with the resistance of 9 points. Triticale spring significantly exceeded the plants of both types of wheat in this respect. On the average for three years of researches, the coefficient of general spring triticale tillering made 1.56–1.65 depending on the variety. This indicator was at the level of durum wheat and 9–14 % lower than that of soft wheat. The productive tillering coefficient was 10–15 % lower than that of soft wheat. Of the five varieties of spring triticale, the highest grain yield was obtained for the cultivation of Kharkiv Oberih variety – 6.12 t/ha. Yields of Kharkiv Lebid, Kharkiv Sontsedar and Kharkiv Korovai varieties were 18–22 % higher compared to soft wheat and 7–11 % higher than durum wheat. Conclusions. Indicators of growth and development of spring triticale plants and grain yield change significantly depending on the variety and weather conditions of the growing season. The duration of the growing seasom of spring triticale is 102–122 days. Plants can be medium and very tall, lodging resistance varies from 5 to 9 points. Triticale spring has a very high resistance to main fungal diseases. Grain yield is 4.93–6.12 t/ha depending on the genotype. To obtain a high and stable grain yield, it is necessary to grow Kharkiv Korovai and Kharkiv Oberih spring triticale varieties.

The effect of meteorological conditions and nitrogen fertilizers on biological productivity of the spring triticale variety ‘Timiryazevskaya 42’

The current paper has presented the study of the effect of different doses and terms of top-dressing with nitrogen fertilizers, in the form of ammonium nitrate, on the growth, development and biological productivity of the new spring triticale variety ‘Timiryazevskaya 42’. The study was carried out in 2015–2018 in the field trial laid down at the Field Experimental Station of the RSAU-Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev (Moscow). It was identified that, depending on the weather conditions of the vegetation period, different doses of nitrogen fertilizers at different times had a different degree of positive effect on the indicators of the variety yield elements. When applying top-dressing, the variety ‘Timiryazevskaya 42’ showed high potential of its biological productivity, which reached 15.6 t/ha under optimal conditions. There has been established a high correlation between CHF (coefficient of head filling) and biological productivity (r = 0.97), which allows predicting in the middle of the vegetation period which variant of the trial will give the highest productivity. The biological productivity of the studied variety has been most influenced by productive tillering (r = 0.80), number and weight of grain per head (r = 0.71; r = 0.66, respectively), and there was a slight effect of 1000 grain weight (r = 0.64). The value of correlation between ‘length of head’ and biological productivity ranged from 0.54 in 2016 to 0.98 in 2018 for different variants of the trial, which indicated a strong effect of different meteorological conditions of the variety cultivation on the change of length of its head.