scholarly journals The Effect of Transcription Factor MYB14 on Defense Mechanisms in Vitis quinquangularis-Pingyi

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangyang Luo ◽  
Qingyang Wang ◽  
Ru Bai ◽  
Ruixiang Li ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Effector Triggered Immunity ◽  
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern ◽  
Basal Immunity ◽  
Stilbene Biosynthesis

In the current study, we identified a transcription factor, MYB14, from Chinese wild grape, Vitis quinquangularis-Pingyi (V. quinquangularis-PY), which could enhance the main stilbene contents and expression of stilbene biosynthesis genes (StSy/RS) by overexpression of VqMYB14. The promoter of VqMYB14 (pVqMYB14) was shown to be induced as part of both basal immunity (also called pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity, PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), triggered by the elicitors flg22 and harpin, respectively. This was demonstrated by expression of pVqMYB14 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Vitis. We identified sequence differences, notably an 11 bp segment in pVqMYB14 that is important for the PTI/ETI, and particularly for the harpin-induced ETI response. In addition, we showed that activation of the MYB14 promoter correlates with differences in the expression of MYB14 and stilbene pattern induced by flg22 and harpin. An experimental model of upstream signaling in V. quinquangularis-PY is presented, where early defense responses triggered by flg22 and harpin partially overlap, but where the timing and levels differ. This translates into a qualitative difference with respect to patterns of stilbene accumulation.

scholarly journals Different Pathogen Defense Strategies in Arabidopsis: More than Pathogen Recognition

Cells ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Feng Zhao ◽  
Lihui Jiang ◽  
Cun Chen ◽  
Lintao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Effector Triggered Immunity ◽  
Simultaneous Infection ◽  
Multiple Pathogens

Plants constantly suffer from simultaneous infection by multiple pathogens, which can be divided into biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic pathogens, according to their lifestyles. Many studies have contributed to improving our knowledge of how plants can defend against pathogens, involving different layers of defense mechanisms. In this sense, the review discusses: (1) the functions of PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), (2) evidence highlighting the functions of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET)-mediated signaling pathways downstream of PTI and ETI, and (3) other defense aspects, including many novel small molecules that are involved in defense and phenomena, including systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and priming. In particular, we mainly focus on SA and (JA)/ET-mediated signaling pathways. Interactions among them, including synergistic effects and antagonistic effects, are intensively explored. This might be critical to understanding dynamic disease regulation.

scholarly journals Revealing Differentially Expressed Genes and Identifying Effector Proteins of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Response to High-Temperature Seedling Plant Resistance of Wheat Based on Transcriptome Sequencing

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Tao ◽  
Yangshan Hu ◽  
Chang Su ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Lili Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Seedling Plant ◽  
Effector Triggered Immunity ◽  
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern

ABSTRACT Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) globally. Recently, more aggressive Pst races have evolved to acquire new virulence profiles and are adapted better to high temperature than most of the previous races. Breeding cultivars with durable high-temperature seedling-plant (HTSP) resistance is an important strategy for controlling stripe rust. Understanding the mechanism of wheat HTSP resistance against Pst is important for more efficient breeding to improve host resistance. In the present study, transcriptomic analysis identified 25 Pst differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were involved in the HTSP resistance in wheat cultivar Xiaoyan6 (XY6). Functional annotation indicated that these DEGs are related to membrane proteins, mRNA binding proteins, cell membrane transporters, and synthesis of cell nitrogen compounds. Among these DEGs, a candidate effector, PstCEP1 (PSTG_13342), was identified and cloned, and its function was verified. Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-mediated host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) of PstCEP1 reduced Pst virulence. Signal peptide verification and functional testing in Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that PstCEP1 is a secreted protein and has the function of suppressing programmed cell death (PCD). PstCEP1 as a candidate effector was further supported by type three secretion system (TTSS)-mediated overexpression responding to wheat HTSP resistance via affecting the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). IMPORTANCE In the present study, we performed transcriptomic analysis to identify differentially expressed genes and effector proteins of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) in response to the high-temperature seedling-plant (HTSP) resistance in wheat. Experimental validation confirmed the function of the highest upregulated effector protein, PstCEP1. This study provides a key resource for understanding the biology and molecular basis of Pst responses to wheat HTSP resistance, and PstCEP1 may be used in future studies to understand pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity processes in the Pst-wheat interaction system.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification Reveals That Nicotiana benthamiana Hypersensitive Response (HR)-Like Lesion Inducing Protein 4 (NbHRLI4) Mediates Cell Death and Salicylic Acid-Dependent Defense Responses to Turnip Mosaic Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyang Wu ◽  
Yuchao Lai ◽  
Shaofei Rao ◽  
Lanqing Lv ◽  
Mengfei Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Turnip Mosaic Virus ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Transient Overexpression ◽  
Basal Immunity

Hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death is an important mechanism that mediates the plant response to pathogens. In our previous study, we reported that NbHIR3s regulate HR-like cell death and basal immunity. However, the host genes involved in HR have rarely been studied. Here, we used transcriptome sequencing to identify Niben101Scf02063g02012.1, an HR-like lesion inducing protein (HRLI) in Nicotiana benthamiana that was significantly reduced by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). HRLIs are uncharacterized proteins which may regulate the HR process. We identified all six HRLIs in N. benthamiana and functionally analyzed Niben101Scf02063g02012.1, named NbHRLI4, in response to TuMV. Silencing of NbHRLI4 increased TuMV accumulation, while overexpression of NbHRLI4 conferred resistance to TuMV. Transient overexpression of NbHRLI4 caused cell death with an increase in the expression of salicylic acid (SA) pathway genes but led to less cell death level and weaker immunity in plants expressing NahG. Thus, we have characterized NbHRLI4 as an inducer of cell death and an antiviral regulator of TuMV infection in a SA-mediated manner.

scholarly journals Identification of Nicotiana benthamiana Genes Involved in Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern–Triggered Immunity

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suma Chakravarthy ◽  
André C. Velásquez ◽  
Sophia K. Ekengren ◽  
Alan Collmer ◽  
Gregory B. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forward Genetics ◽  
Hormone Signaling ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Cell Death Response ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern

In order to identify components of pathogen-associated molecular pattern–triggered immunity (PTI) pathways in Nicotiana benthamiana, we conducted a large-scale forward-genetics screen using virus-induced gene silencing and a cell-death-based assay for assessing PTI. The assay relied on four combinations of PTI-inducing nonpathogens and cell-death-causing challenger pathogens and was first validated in plants silenced for FLS2 or BAK1. Over 3,200 genes were screened and 14 genes were identified that, when silenced, compromised PTI as judged by the cell-death-based assay. Further analysis indicated that the 14 genes were not involved in a general cell death response. A subset of the genes was found to act downstream of FLS2-mediated PTI induction, and silencing of three genes compromised production of reactive oxygen species in leaves exposed to flg22. The 14 genes encode proteins with potential functions in defense and hormone signaling, protein stability and degradation, energy and secondary metabolism, and cell wall biosynthesis and provide a new resource to explore the molecular basis for the involvement of these processes in PTI.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptomic analysis of candidate effectors to explore the infection and survival strategy of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus during different interaction stages with pine trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Long-Jiao Hu ◽  
Xiao-Qin Wu ◽  
Xiao-Lei Ding ◽  
Jian-Ren Ye
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Plant Signaling ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern ◽  
Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Host Tissues

Abstract Background The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a devastating pathogen of many Pinus species in China. The aim of this study was to understand the interactive molecular mechanism of PWN and its host by comparing differentially expressed genes and candidate effectors from three transcriptomes of B. xylophilus at different infection stages. Results In total, 62, 69 and 46 candidate effectors were identified in three transcriptomes (2.5 h postinfection, 6, 12 and 24 h postinoculation and 6 and 15 d postinfection, respectively). In addition to uncharacterized pioneers, other candidate effectors were involved in the degradation of host tissues, suppression of host defenses, targeting plant signaling pathways, feeding and detoxification, which helped B. xylophilus survive successfully in the host. Seven candidate effectors were identified in both our study and the B. xylophilus transcriptome at 2.5 h postinfection, and one candidate effector was identified in all three transcriptomes. These common candidate effectors were upregulated at infection stages, and one of them suppressed pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) PsXEG1-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Conclusions The results indicated that B. xylophilus secreted various candidate effectors, and some of them continued to function throughout all infection stages. These various candidate effectors were important to B. xylophilus infection and survival, and they functioned in different ways (such as breaking down host cell walls, suppressing host defenses, promoting feeding efficiency, promoting detoxification and playing virulence functions). The present results provide valuable resources for in-depth research on the pathogenesis of B. xylophilus from the perspective of effectors.

scholarly journals Identification of microRNAs regulated by tobacco curly shoot virus co-infection with its betasatellite in Nicotiana benthamiana

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Du ◽  
Gentu Wu ◽  
Zhongpiao Zhou ◽  
Jiayuan Zhang ◽  
Mingjun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Small Rna Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Tobacco Curly Shoot Virus

Abstract Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of 21–24 nucleotide endogenous non-coding small RNAs that play important roles in plant development and defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV) is a monopartite begomovirus, cause leaf curling and plant stunting symptoms in many Solanaceae plants. The betasatellite of TbCSV (TbCSB) induces more severe symptoms and enhances virus accumulation when co-infect the plants with TbCSV. Methods In this study, miRNAs regulated by TbCSV and TbCSB co-infection in Nicotiana benthamiana were characterized using high-throughput sequencing technology. Results Small RNA sequencing analysis revealed that a total of 13 known miRNAs and 42 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed in TbCSV and TbCSB co-infected N. benthamiana plants. Several potential miRNA-targeted genes were identified through data mining and were involved in both catalytic and metabolic processes, in addition to plant defense mechanisms against virus infections according to Gene Ontology (GO) analyses. In addition, the expressions of several differentially expressed miRNAs and their miRNA-targeted gene were validated through quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) approach. Conclusions A large number of miRNAs are identified, and their target genes, functional annotations also have been explored. Our results provide the information on N. benthamiana miRNAs and would be useful to further understand miRNA regulatory mechanisms after TbCSV and TbCSB co-infection.

scholarly journals Hierarchy and Roles of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern-Induced Responses in Nicotiana benthamiana

2011 ◽  
Vol 156 (2) ◽  
pp. 687-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Segonzac ◽  
Doreen Feike ◽  
Selena Gimenez-Ibanez ◽  
Dagmar R. Hann ◽  
Cyril Zipfel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Induced Responses ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern

scholarly journals Effector-Triggered and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern–Triggered Immunity Differentially Contribute to Basal Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 940-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Haibin Lu ◽  
Xinyan Li ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Haitao Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Nonhost Resistance ◽  
Basal Resistance ◽  
Resistance Proteins ◽  
Pathogen Effectors ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Effector Triggered Immunity ◽  
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern ◽  
Compatible Interactions

Pathogens induce pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants. PAMPs are microbial molecules recognized by host plants as nonself signals, whereas pathogen effectors are evolved to aid in parasitism but are sometimes recognized by specific intracellular resistance proteins. In the absence of detectable ETI determining classical incompatible interactions, basal resistance exists during compatible and nonhost interactions. What triggers the basal resistance has remained elusive. Here, we provide evidence that ETI contributes to basal resistance during both compatible and nonhost Arabidopsis–Pseudomonas syringae interactions. Mutations in RAR1 and NDR1, two genes required for ETI, compromise basal resistance in both compatible and nonhost interactions. Complete nonhost resistance to P. syringae pv. tabaci required a functional type III secretion system. PTI appears to play a greater role in nonhost resistance than basal resistance during compatible interactions, because abrogation of PTI compromises basal resistance during nonhost but not compatible interactions. Strikingly, simultaneous abrogation of ETI and flagellin-induced PTI rendered plants completely susceptible to the nonadapted bacterium P. syringae pv. tabaci, indicating that ETI and PTI act synergistically during nonhost resistance. Thus, both nonhost resistance and basal resistance to virulent bacteria can be unified under PTI and ETI.

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