scholarly journals Effect of Low Temperature on Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Chloroplast Biogenesis of Rice Seedlings during Greening

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqing Zhao ◽  
Qiaohong Han ◽  
Chunbang Ding ◽  
Yan Huang ◽  
Jinqiu Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Rice Seedling ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Plastid Development

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) frequently suffers in late spring from severe damage due to cold spells, which causes the block of chlorophyll biosynthesis during early rice seedling greening. However, the inhibitory mechanism by which this occurs is still unclear. To explore the responsive mechanism of rice seedlings to low temperatures during greening, the effects of chilling stress on chlorophyll biosynthesis and plastid development were studied in rice seedlings. Chlorophyll biosynthesis was obviously inhibited and chlorophyll accumulation declined under low temperatures during greening. The decrease in chlorophyll synthesis was due to the inhibited synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and the suppression of conversion from protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) into chlorophylls (Chls). Meanwhile, the activities of glutamate-1-semialdehyde transaminase (GSA-AT), Mg-chelatase, and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) were downregulated under low temperatures. Further investigations showed that chloroplasts at 18 °C had loose granum lamellae, while the thylakoid and lamellar structures of grana could hardly develop at 12 °C after 48 h of greening. Additionally, photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) proteins obviously declined in the stressed seedlings, to the point that the PSII and PSI proteins could hardly be detected after 48 h of greening at 12 °C. Furthermore, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and cell death were all induced by low temperature. Chilling stress had no effect on the development of epidermis cells, but the stomata were smaller under chilling stress than those at 28 °C. Taken together, our study promotes more comprehensive understanding in that chilling could inhibit chlorophyll biosynthesis and cause oxidative damages during greening.

DISTINGUISHING THE EFFECTS OF GENOTYPE AND SEED PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE ON LOW TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.)

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. ALI ◽  
R. E. L. NAYLOR ◽  
S. MATTHEWS
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Ageing Time ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Rice Genotypes

When differences are observed between genotypes in their response to low temperatures at germination, it has been generally assumed these are purely genetic. Laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of physiological age on the temperature responses of 13 rice genotypes from Bangladesh in order to clarify whether (a) differences in seed germination at low temperature represented genetic differences or differences in the physiological state of the particular seed lot used and (b) whether genotype performance at higher temperatures was indicative of performance at lower temperatures. A higher initial seed moisture content (mc) was associated with lower initial viability (Ki). The base temperature for germination differed by less than 1 °C between genotypes. Seeds remaining ungerminated at low temperatures usually germinated when transferred to 21 °C. The thermal time requirement to reach t50 (θ) differed widely between genotypes. Lower optimum temperatures for germination were associated with lower thermal time requirements. Ageing seeds for 24 hours at 24 % mc and 45 °C significantly reduced final germination on a thermal gradient table at all temperatures below 20.8 °C in genotype BR29 but only below 16.5 °C in BR11. The rates of germination (seeds d−1) of aged seeds were also lower at all temperatures. Germination of high quality seeds of four genotypes were compared at 21 °C and 11 °C both before and after ageing (at 24 % mc and 45 °C). Ageing consistently reduced the rates of germination at both 21 °C and 11 °C. Increased ageing time progressively reduced the rate of germination of all seed lots at both temperatures. The rates of germination at 11 °C and 21 °C were positively and significantly (p < 0.01) related to final germination at the lower temperature of 11 °C. These results demonstrate that seed physiological quality as well as genotype might influence the final germination and rate of germination of rice genotypes at low temperatures. This information will be useful for breeders involved in selection of lines suitable for growing in cooler seasons.

Chemical Regulation of Plastid Development. I. Inhibition of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Detached Pumpkin Cotyledons by CPTA. A Pigment and Ultrastructual Study

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Simpson ◽  
CO Chichester ◽  
TH Lee
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Trimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Plastid Development ◽  
Plastid Ultrastructure ◽  
Chlorophyll Accumulation

The effects of 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)ethyldiethylammonium chloride (CPTA) on chlorophyll accumulation, carotenoid biosynthesis and plastid ultrastructure were examined in expanding excised pumpkin cotyledons. CPTA in the dark caused an increased synthesis of non-photoconvertible protochlorophyll but had no effect on the ultrastructure of the starch-containing plastids. In the light, CPTA was a powerful inhibitor of chlorophyll synthesis in greening cotyledons, especially at high light intensity, and induced the accumulation of lycopene. When applied to the greened cotyledons, CPTA caused the transformation of the chloroplasts to chromoplast-like organelles containing osmiophilic globules and lycopene crystalloids. Two other structurally similar compounds,diethyl[4-{3'-(4"-methylphenyl)-3-oxoprop-2' -enyl}phenoxyethyl]ammonium chloride (SK&F 13831) and (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat), also caused lycopene accumulation and inhibited chlorophyll synthesis. It is possible that CPTA can induce the formation of chromoplasts from proplastids and chloroplasts in tissue that does not normally contain such organelles.

Low temperature induced spikelet sterility in rice. II. Effects of panicle and root temperatures

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 947 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Gunawardena ◽  
S. Fukai ◽  
F. P. C. Blamey
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Microspore Development ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Spikelet Sterility ◽  
Germinated Pollen

Low temperatures impose restrictions on rice (Oryza sativa L.) production at high latitudes. This study is related to low temperature damage that can arise mid-season during the panicle development phase. The objective of this study was to determine whether low temperature experienced by the root, panicle, or foliage is responsible for increased spikelet sterility. In temperature-controlled glasshouse experiments, water depth, and water and air temperatures, were changed independently to investigate the effects of low temperature in the root, panicle, and foliage during microspore development on spikelet sterility. The total number of pollen and number of engorged pollen grains per anther, and the number of intercepted and germinated pollen grains per stigma, were measured. Spikelet sterility was then analysed in relation to the total number of pollen grains per spikelet and the efficiency with which these pollen grains became engorged, were intercepted by the stigma, germinated, and were involved in fertilisation. There was a significant combined effect of average minimum panicle and root temperatures on spikelet sterility that accounted for 86% of the variation in spikelet sterility. Total number of pollen grains per anther was reduced by low panicle temperature, but not by low root temperature. Whereas engorgement efficiency (the percentage of pollen grains that were engorged) was determined by both root and panicle temperature, germination efficiency (the percentage of germinated pollen grains relative to the number of engorged pollen grains intercepted by the stigma) was determined only by root temperature. Interception efficiency (i.e. percentage of engorged pollen grains intercepted by the stigma), however, was not affected by either root or panicle temperature. Engorgement efficiency was the dominant factor explaining the variation in spikelet sterility. It is concluded that both panicle and root temperature affect spikelet sterility in rice when the plant encounters low temperatures during the microspore development stage.

Benzyladenine as a regulator of chlorophyll synthesis in cucumber cotyledons

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 2197-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Fletcher ◽  
Dianne McCullagh
Keyword(s):  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Rna And Protein Synthesis ◽  
Chlorophyll Production ◽  
Cucumber Cotyledons ◽  
Ala Synthetase ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Chlorophyll Formation

Pretreatment of etiolated cucumber cotyledons (4–10 days old) with benzyladenine (BA) increased the amount of chlorophyll produced in light. BA also eliminated the lag phase in chlorophyll formation, which in the water controls lasted for [Formula: see text]. Addition of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to the etiolated cotyledons resulted in the production of protochlorophyllide (PCHLD) in the dark. The BA-pretreated cotyledons did not make any PCHLD in the dark. The inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis, actinomycin D, chloramphenicol, and cycloheximide (CH), inhibited BA's effect on chlorophyll production, with CH being the most effective. We propose that BA's effect on increased chlorophyll formation is mediated by inducing production of proteins including ALA synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in chlorophyll biosynthesis.

Stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis in cucumber cotyledons by benzyladenine

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 937-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Fletcher ◽  
C. Teo ◽  
A. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Total Synthesis ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Cucumber Cotyledons ◽  
Ala Synthetase ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Chlorophyll Formation ◽  
Stimulation Of

When exposed to light, etiolated cucumber cotyledons exhibited a lag phase in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Pretreatment of the cotyledons with benzyladenine (BA) eliminated the lag phase and stimulated chlorophyll formation. In BA-treated cotyledons, the incorporation of 14C-leucine into protein and the total synthesis of protein were higher than in the non-BA-treated controls. After BA treatment and exposure to light, the accumulation of δ-aminolevulinic acid in the cotyledons increased with time and was higher than in the controls, where a lag phase was apparent. These results support our hypothesis that BA affects chlorophyll formation by inducing the production of proteins including ALA-synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in chlorophyll biosynthesis.

A snapshot of the low temperature stress transcriptome of developing rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) via ESTs from subtracted cDNA library

2003 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 1071-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. de los Reyes ◽  
M. Morsy ◽  
J. Gibbons ◽  
T. S. N. Varma ◽  
W. Antoine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cdna Library ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Low Temperature Stress ◽  
Rice Seedlings

OsSIG2A is required for chloroplast development in rice (Oryza sativa L.) at low temperature by regulating plastid genes expression

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yu ◽  
Zhenling Zhou ◽  
Hanchun Pu ◽  
Baoxiang Wang ◽  
Yunhui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Young Leaves

The chloroplast is an essential photosynthetic apparatus that is more sensitive to low temperatures than other organelles. Sigma factors were revealed regulating specific gene expression for maintaining photosynthetic efficiency and adapting to physiological and environmental conditions. However, the regulatory mechanisms of SIG genes supporting chloroplast development under low temperature in rice have not yet been reported. Here, we uncovered the essential role of OsSIG2A in rice chloroplast development at low temperatures by a newly reported thermo-sensitive chlorophyll deficient 12 (tcd12) mutant, which exhibited albino leaves with decreased chlorophyll content and malformed chloroplasts at seedling stage under low temperature. OsSIG2A is a typical chloroplast-localised RNA polymerase sigma factor, and constitutively expresses in different rice tissues, especially for young leaves and stems. Moreover, the transcription level of both PEP- and NEP- dependent genes, which are necessary for chloroplast development at early leaf development stage, was greatly affected in the tcd12 mutant under low temperature. Taken together, our findings indicate that OsSIG2A is required for early chloroplast differentiation under low temperatures by regulating plastid genes expression.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis reveals a positive effect of brassinosteroids on the photosynthetic capacity of wucai under low temperature

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengru Zhao ◽  
Lingyun Yuan ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Shilei Xie ◽  
Yushan Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Background Brassinosteroids (BRs) have a positive effect on many processes during plant growth and development, and in response to various abiotic stressors. Low-temperature (LT) stress constricts the geographic distribution, growth, and development of wucai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis Tsen). However, there is little information on the global gene expression of BRs under LT stress in wucai. In this study, the molecular roles of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) after exogenously application, were explored by RNA sequencing under LT conditions. Results According to the Gene Ontology (GO) term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, photosynthesis was significantly enriched after spraying EBR under LT. The transcripts encoding the photosystem II (PSII) oxygen-evolving enhancer protein, photosystem I (PSI) subunit, light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complexes I and II, and ferredoxin were up-regulated after the application of EBR. Transcripts encoding several key enzymes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis were also up-regulated, accompanied by significant differences in the contents of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), porphobilinogen (PBG), protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-proto IX), protochlorophyllide (Pchl), and photosynthetic pigments. Notably, transcriptional and physiological analyses revealed that under LT stress, plant responses to EBR involved a major reorientation of photosynthesis, as well as porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. Conclusion This study explored the role of EBR as an LT stress tolerance mechanism in wucai. At the transcription level, LT tolerance manifests as an enhancement of photosynthesis, and the amelioration of porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism.

In situ Tensile Experiments at Low Temperatures on Niobium Single Crystals by H.V.E.M.

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
F. H. Louchet ◽  
L. P. Kubin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Slip System ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Tensile Axis ◽  
Image Intensifier ◽  
Screw Dislocations ◽  
Source Operation

Experiments have been carried out on the 3 MeV electron microscope in Toulouse. The low temperature straining holder has been previously described Images given by an image intensifier are recorded on magnetic tape.The microtensile niobium samples are cut in a plane with the two operative slip directions [111] and lying in the foil plane. The tensile axis is near [011].Our results concern:- The transition temperature of niobium near 220 K: at this temperature and below an increasing difference appears between the mobilities of the screw and edge portions of dislocations loops. Source operation and interactions between screw dislocations of different slip system have been recorded.

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