scholarly journals COVID-19: The Immune Responses and Clinical Therapy Candidates

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sareh Zhand ◽  
Marie Saghaeian Jazi ◽  
Saeed Mohammadi ◽  
Roozbeh Tarighati Rasekhi ◽  
Ghassem Rostamian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Repurposed Drugs ◽  
Present Understanding

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with rising numbers of patients worldwide, presents an urgent need for effective treatments. To date, there are no therapies or vaccines that are proven to be effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several potential candidates or repurposed drugs are under investigation, including drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and block infection. The most promising therapy to date is remdesivir, which is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for emergency use in adults and children hospitalized with severe suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Herein we summarize the general features of SARS-CoV-2’s molecular and immune pathogenesis and discuss available pharmacological strategies, based on our present understanding of SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections. Finally, we outline clinical trials currently in progress to investigate the efficacy of potential therapies for COVID-19.

scholarly journals Comparison of Immune Response between SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 Infection, Perspective on Vaccine Design and Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hossein Ansariniya ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Seifati ◽  
Erfan Zaker ◽  
Fateme Zare
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
New Vaccines

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections are the three epidemiological diseases caused by the Coronaviridae family. Perceiving the immune responses in these infections and the escape of viruses could help us design drugs and vaccines for confronting these infections. This review investigates the innate and adaptive immune responses reported in the infections of the three coronaviruses SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Moreover, the present study can trigger researchers to design and develop new vaccines and drugs based on immune system responses. In conclusion, due to the need for an effective and efficient immune stimulation against coronavirus, a combination of several strategies seems necessary for developing the vaccine.

scholarly journals Risk of COVID-19 on Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Aborode ◽  
Ademola Aiyenuro ◽  
Samuel Ogunsola ◽  
Victor Adesewa ◽  
Monsour Zakariyah
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Interactions ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Substantial Morbidity

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2), is causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Older age and presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity significantly increases the risk for hospitalization and death in COVID-19 patients. In this Perspective, informed by the studies on SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and the current literature on SARS-CoV-2, we discuss potential mechanisms by which diabetes modulates the host-viral interactions and host-immune responses. We hope to highlight gaps in knowledge that require further studies pertinent to COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity.

scholarly journals Mildly Infected and Presumed Asymptomatic Carriers of SARS-CoV-2; Implications in Spread and Control of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (supplement) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raees Khan ◽  
Shumaila Naz ◽  
Fawad Muhammad ◽  
Syed Babar Jamal ◽  
Sumra Wajid Abbasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriers ◽  
Death Toll ◽  
The World ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
And Control ◽  
Active Investigation

The death toll and the total number of infected individuals due to the ongoing pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection have exceeded that of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) as the disease has raged around the world. So far the global efforts to tackle COVID-19 include the launch of Sputnik V vaccine by Russia, 42 vaccines presently undergoing clinical trials on humans and around 92 vaccines under preclinical active investigation in animals. Majority of the SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals have been reported to show mild symptoms whereas a considerable number show no symptoms at all. SARS-CoV-2 is believed to spread from infected individuals who are asymptomatic in addition to the symptomatic individuals. In this review we discussed how the mildly infected and asymptomatic individuals raise serious concerns and complicate the processes of screening, detection, quarantine, tracking and treatmentthatareinpracticetopreventthetransmissionofthe COVID-19.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (5) ◽  
pp. E736-E741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranganath Muniyappa ◽  
Sriram Gubbi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Interactions ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Substantial Morbidity

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Older age and presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity significantly increases the risk for hospitalization and death in COVID-19 patients. In this Perspective, informed by the studies on SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and the current literature on SARS-CoV-2, we discuss potential mechanisms by which diabetes modulates the host-viral interactions and host-immune responses. We hope to highlight gaps in knowledge that require further studies pertinent to COVID-19 in patients with diabetes.

scholarly journals Does the novel coronavirus 2019 like heart more than the other family members of coronaviruses?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mostafa Ansari Ramandi ◽  
Mohammadreza Baay ◽  
Nasim Naderi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Coronavirus Infections

The disaster due to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world has made investigators enthusiastic about working on different aspects of COVID-19. However, although the pandemic of COVID-19 has not yet ended, it seems that COVID-19 compared to the other coronavirus infections (the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [MERS] and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [SARS]) is more likely to target the heart. Comparing the previous presentations of the coronavirus family and the recent cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 can also help in predicting possible future challenges and taking measures to tackle these issues.

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