Risk of COVID-19 on Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2), is causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Older age and presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity significantly increases the risk for hospitalization and death in COVID-19 patients. In this Perspective, informed by the studies on SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and the current literature on SARS-CoV-2, we discuss potential mechanisms by which diabetes modulates the host-viral interactions and host-immune responses. We hope to highlight gaps in knowledge that require further studies pertinent to COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity.

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COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00124.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 318 (5) ◽

pp. E736-E741 ◽

Cited By ~ 163

Author(s):

Ranganath Muniyappa ◽

Sriram Gubbi

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Current Literature ◽

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Host Immune Responses ◽

Viral Interactions ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Substantial Morbidity

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Older age and presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity significantly increases the risk for hospitalization and death in COVID-19 patients. In this Perspective, informed by the studies on SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and the current literature on SARS-CoV-2, we discuss potential mechanisms by which diabetes modulates the host-viral interactions and host-immune responses. We hope to highlight gaps in knowledge that require further studies pertinent to COVID-19 in patients with diabetes.

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Comparison of Immune Response between SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 Infection, Perspective on Vaccine Design and Development

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/8870425 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Hossein Ansariniya ◽

Seyed Mohammad Seifati ◽

Erfan Zaker ◽

Fateme Zare

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Immune Stimulation ◽

Adaptive Immune Responses ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

New Vaccines

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections are the three epidemiological diseases caused by the Coronaviridae family. Perceiving the immune responses in these infections and the escape of viruses could help us design drugs and vaccines for confronting these infections. This review investigates the innate and adaptive immune responses reported in the infections of the three coronaviruses SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Moreover, the present study can trigger researchers to design and develop new vaccines and drugs based on immune system responses. In conclusion, due to the need for an effective and efficient immune stimulation against coronavirus, a combination of several strategies seems necessary for developing the vaccine.

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COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus: A Complex Interplay

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology ◽

10.22207/jpam.15.2.16 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gopala Koneru ◽

Hager H. Sayed ◽

Nayera A. Abd-elhamed ◽

Nouran Elsedfy ◽

Amira H. Mohamed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Complex Interplay ◽

Vascular Abnormalities ◽

Host Immune Responses ◽

Viral Interactions ◽

Chronic Inflammatory Condition ◽

Organ Manifestations ◽

Dm Effect ◽

Human Losses

COVID-19 pandemic, which caused by the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2), puts the entire world in an unprecedented crisis, leaving behind huge human losses and serious socio-economical damages. The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 varies from asymptomatic to multi-organ manifestations. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic inflammatory condition, which associated with metabolic and vascular abnormalities, increases the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection, severity and mortality. Due to global prevalence, DM effect on COVID-19 outcomes as well as the potential mechanisms by which DM modulates the host-viral interactions and host-immune responses are discussed in this review. This review also highlights the effects of anti-diabetic drugs on treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vice versa.

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COVID-19: The Immune Responses and Clinical Therapy Candidates

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21155559 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (15) ◽

pp. 5559 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sareh Zhand ◽

Marie Saghaeian Jazi ◽

Saeed Mohammadi ◽

Roozbeh Tarighati Rasekhi ◽

Ghassem Rostamian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Food And Drug Administration ◽

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Adults And Children ◽

Repurposed Drugs ◽

Present Understanding

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with rising numbers of patients worldwide, presents an urgent need for effective treatments. To date, there are no therapies or vaccines that are proven to be effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several potential candidates or repurposed drugs are under investigation, including drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and block infection. The most promising therapy to date is remdesivir, which is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for emergency use in adults and children hospitalized with severe suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Herein we summarize the general features of SARS-CoV-2’s molecular and immune pathogenesis and discuss available pharmacological strategies, based on our present understanding of SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections. Finally, we outline clinical trials currently in progress to investigate the efficacy of potential therapies for COVID-19.

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Cytokines mediated hyperinflammation in SARS-CoV2: An Overview

Life and Science ◽

10.37185/lns.1.1.147 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (supplement) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Liaqat Ali

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Immune Responses ◽

T Lymphocyte ◽

Lymphoid Tissue ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Cytokine Storm ◽

Host Immune Responses ◽

Lymphocyte Responses

Hyperinflammation induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) is a major cause of disease severity and mortality in infected patients. The immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV2 infection is similar to the previous Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV coronavirus with severe inflammatory responses. Therefore, severity of this viral infection is not only associated with the virus but also due to host immune responses. Hyperinflammatory responses due to cytokine storm are a centerpiece of SARS-CoV2 pathogenesis with overwhelming consequences for the host. Virus infected monocyte derived macrophages produce cytokines and this contributes to damage of lymphoid tissue and limits the lymphocyte responses. Blocking the deadly cytokine storm and T lymphocyte stimulation is a vital defense for treating SARS-CoV2. Here, we will describe the role of hyperinflamation and the involvement of cytokines in severe SARS-CoV2 infection.

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Prevalence of Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Coronavirus Disease 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: Pooled Analysis of Published Data

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.120.016812 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (17) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yang Liu ◽

Shaohui Wu ◽

Mu Qin ◽

Weifeng Jiang ◽

Xu Liu

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Cardiac Disease ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Pooled Analysis ◽

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Published Data ◽

Cardiovascular Comorbidities

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is spreading widely around the world. We conducted this meta‐analysis to explore the prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities in COVID‐19, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) cases. Methods and Results Relevant reports updated to April 17, 2020, were searched from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library with no restriction on language. A random‐effects model was used in this meta‐analysis to obtain pooled proportions of cardiovascular comorbidities in COVID‐19, SARS, and MERS. A total of 22 studies (12 for COVID‐19, 4 for SARS, and 6 for MERS) were included in this analysis, and the average age of patients with COVID‐19, SARS, and MERS was 46.41±1.79, 39.16±2.25, and 52.51±4.64 years, respectively. Proportions of cardiovascular comorbidities in coronavirus diseases were as follows: COVID‐19: proportion of hypertension was 17.1% (95% CI, 13.2%–20.9%), proportion of cardiac disease was 4.5% (95% CI, 3.6%–5.5%) and proportion of diabetes mellitus was 8.5% (95% CI, 5.5%–11.4%); SARS: proportion of hypertension was 4.5% (95% CI, 2.0%–7.0%), proportion of cardiac disease was 2.1% (95% CI, 0.6%–3.7%) and proportion of diabetes mellitus was 3.7% (95% CI, 1.0%–6.4%); MERS: proportion of hypertension was 30.3% (95% CI, 18.3%–42.2%), proportion of cardiac disease was 20.9% (95% CI, 10.7%–31.1%), and proportion of diabetes mellitus was 45.4% (95% CI, 27.3%–63.5%). Conclusions The prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities varies among different coronavirus‐associated diseases. With the development of time, proportions of cardiovascular comorbidities in COVID‐19 need further attention.

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Does the novel coronavirus 2019 like heart more than the other family members of coronaviruses?

Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research ◽

10.34172/jcvtr.2020.27 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 156-157

Author(s):

Mohammad Mostafa Ansari Ramandi ◽

Mohammadreza Baay ◽

Nasim Naderi

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Family Members ◽

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽

The Other ◽

The Novel ◽

The World ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Coronavirus Infections

The disaster due to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world has made investigators enthusiastic about working on different aspects of COVID-19. However, although the pandemic of COVID-19 has not yet ended, it seems that COVID-19 compared to the other coronavirus infections (the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [MERS] and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [SARS]) is more likely to target the heart. Comparing the previous presentations of the coronavirus family and the recent cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 can also help in predicting possible future challenges and taking measures to tackle these issues.

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Penanggulangan Virus Covid – 19 melalui Penyaluran Handsanitizer dan Sabun Cuci Tangan Alami serta Penyemprotan Disenfektan di desa Ngale, Kecamatan Pilangkenceng, Kabupaten Madiun

Batoboh ◽

10.26887/bt.v6i1.1392 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Reza Kusuma Setyansah

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Sars Coronavirus

Coronavirus merupakan keluarga besar virus yang menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia, biasanya menyebabkan penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan, mulai flu biasa hingga penyakit yang serius seperti Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) dan Sindrom Pernafasan Akut Berat/ Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Coronavirus jenis baru yang ditemukan pada manusia sejak kejadian luar biasa muncul di Wuhan Cina, pada Desember 2019, kemudian diberi nama Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2), dan menyebabkan penyakit Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Salah satu cara gampang melakukan pencegahan terhadap penyebaran virus ini adalah dengan menggunakan Handsanitizer alami. Menurut Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO), Handsanitizer alami harus mengandung setidaknya 60% alkohol untuk bekerja secara efektif. Selain handsanitizer, dengan melalukan metode penyemprotan disenfektan menggunakan cairan disenfektan. Disenfektan merupakan bahan kimia yang berguna untuk mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri ataupun jasad renik pada permukaan benda mati. Pelaksanaan pengabdian kepada masyarakat mengadakan penyaluran handsanitizer dan sabun cuci tangan alami serta penyemprotan disenfektan di desa Ngale sebagai upaya pencegahan Covid-19. Metode dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan ini yaitu wawancara dan diskusi bersama kepala desa Ngale. Kegiatan ini diharapkan mampu menumbuhkan kesadaran pada masyarakat akan pentingnya menjaga kebersihan, salah satunya menjaga kebersihan tangan serta dapat memutus mata rantai penyebaran Covid-19 di desa Ngale Kec Pilangkenceng Kab Madiun.

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COVID-19: Need of the hour to revisit asymptomatic prevalence of coronavirus pandemic

Borneo Epidemiology Journal ◽

10.51200/bej.v1i1.2429 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Richard Avoi ◽

Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim ◽

Mohammad Saffree Jeffree ◽

Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Control Measures ◽

Case Detection ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Early Stages ◽

Exponential Increase ◽

Asymptomatic Patients

Since the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic unfolded in China (Huang et al., 2020) back in December 2019, thus far, more than five million people were infected with the virus and 333,401 death were recorded worldwide (WHO, 2020b). The exponential increase in number shows that COVID-19 spreads faster compared to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). A study (Zou et al., 2020) has shown that high viral loads of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are detected in symptomatic patients soon after the onset of symptoms, wherein the load content is higher in their nose than in their throat. Furthermore, the same study has revealed similar viral loads between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Therefore, these findings may suggest the possibility of COVID-19 transmission earlier before the onset of symptoms itself. In the early stages of the pandemic, the control measures carried out have focused on screening of symptomatic person; at the time, the whole world thought that the spread of SARS-Cov-2 would only occur through symptomatic person-to-person transmission. In comparison, transmission in SARS would happen after the onset of illness, whereby the viral loads in the respiratory tract peaked around ten days after the development of symptoms by patients (Peiris et al., 2003). However, case detection for SARS (i.e. screening of symptomatic persons) will be grossly inadequate for the current COVID-19 pandemic, thus requiring different strategies to detect those infected with SARS-CoV-2 before they develop the symptoms.

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A Review of the Virology of SARS-CoV-2

Spectrum: Science and Technology ◽

10.54290/spect/2020.v7.1.0009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 69-77

Author(s):

Aldonna Maria Susngi ◽

◽

Clara Ermine Sawian

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽

The Novel ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Key Features

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a β-coronavirus, which also includes the highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Emerging in December 2019 from Wuhan, China, it has spread worldwide resulting in a pandemic that has not ended till date. This review highlights some of the key features of the virology of SARS-CoV-2.

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