Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage of the Preterm Newborn and Preclinical Models: Inflammatory Considerations

The germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GM-IVH) is one of the most important complications of the preterm newborn. Since these children are born at a critical time in brain development, they can develop short and long term neurological, sensory, cognitive and motor disabilities depending on the severity of the GM-IVH. In addition, hemorrhage triggers a microglia-mediated inflammatory response that damages the tissue adjacent to the injury. Nevertheless, a neuroprotective and neuroreparative role of the microglia has also been described, suggesting that neonatal microglia may have unique functions. While the implication of the inflammatory process in GM-IVH is well established, the difficulty to access a very delicate population has lead to the development of animal models that resemble the pathological features of GM-IVH. Genetically modified models and lesions induced by local administration of glycerol, collagenase or blood have been used to study associated inflammatory mechanisms as well as therapeutic targets. In the present study we review the GM-IVH complications, with special interest in inflammatory response and the role of microglia, both in patients and animal models, and we analyze specific proteins and cytokines that are currently under study as feasible predictors of GM-IVH evolution and prognosis.

Download Full-text

The role of intracranial hypotension in neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1983.58.2.0204 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 204-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

E. Scott Conner ◽

Antonio V. Lorenzo ◽

Keasley Welch ◽

Brent Dorval

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infants ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Intracranial Hypotension ◽

Intraventricular Hemorrhage ◽

Rabbit Model ◽

Germinal Matrix ◽

Content Type ◽

Ventricular Hemorrhage ◽

Fine Print

✓ Most preterm infants develop transient intracranial hypotension, which reaches its lowest level on the 2nd day of life. This corresponds to the time when most neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) occurs. In order to test the hypothesis that intracranial hypotension may have an etiological role in the development of IVH in premature infants, the authors induced intracranial hypotension in the preterm rabbit by the intraperitoneal injection of glycerol. The rabbit model is well suited for this study because this animal is at risk of developing spontaneous germinal matrix and ventricular hemorrhage. Compared to control littermates, the glycerol-treated animals exhibited a greater than 3.5-fold incidence of germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage.

Download Full-text

Immune mechanisms: adaptive immunity

10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0008 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Maxime Breban ◽

Hill Gaston

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Animal Models ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽

Human Peripheral Blood ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Cell Responses ◽

B And T Lymphocytes

The role of adaptive immunity (i.e. the involvement of B and T lymphocytes) in the pathogenesis of axial spondyloarthritis has been investigated in both human disease and relevant animal models. Studies of B cell responses have not generally implicated an autoantibody in the disease, but there are abnormalities of antibody responses, particularly increased titres of antibodies to various gut bacteria. T cells are critical to the disease in animal models other than those where overexpression of a cytokine is engineered, suggesting that they are the drivers of the inflammatory response. There is convergent evidence from animal models, genetics in humans, and direct observation of human peripheral blood and joints to implicate T cells producing IL-17 under the influence of IL-23. These in turn may be responding to bacteria either in the gut or on the skin.

Download Full-text

The Role of Hemoglobin Oxidation Products in Triggering Inflammatory Response Upon Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Premature Infants

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2020.00228 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Judit Erdei ◽

Andrea Tóth ◽

Andrea Nagy ◽

Benard Bogonko Nyakundi ◽

Zsolt Fejes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Intraventricular Hemorrhage ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Hemoglobin Oxidation

Download Full-text

Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Journal of Child Neurology ◽

10.1177/0883073889004001s05 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 4 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. S12-S22 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Walter C. Allan

Keyword(s):

Ultrasound Imaging ◽

Intraventricular Hemorrhage ◽

Periventricular Leukomalacia ◽

Prognostic Information ◽

Germinal Matrix ◽

The Past ◽

Pathologic Findings ◽

The Individual ◽

Good Agreement

A review of the role of ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis and study of intraventricular hemorrhage is presented. The characteristics of both early and late scans of germinal matrix, intraventricular, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage, as well as periventricular leukomalacia, have been worked out over the past decade. There is good agreement between the images and pathologic findings. A system of classification that recognizes the importance of parenchymal lesions and their evolution is suggested. The ability to perform repeated ultrasound examinations of sick premature infants has allowed the gathering of important information about pathophysiology, natural history, and outcome. In turn, these studies allow better interpretation of ultrasound scans in the individual infant. Using sequential scans when parenchymal lesions are found improves prognostic information. Prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage is still a goal. However, judging from the experience at our institution it may be that the subtle application of principles demonstrated by the study of this problem with ultrasound imaging has already begun to prevent intraventricular hemorrhage in some patients. (J Child Neurol 1989;4:S12- S22).

Download Full-text

Oxygenator Is the Main Responsible for Leukocyte Activation in Experimental Model of Extracorporeal Circulation: A Cautionary Tale

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2015/484979 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Alessio Rungatscher ◽

Maddalena Tessari ◽

Chiara Stranieri ◽

Erika Solani ◽

Daniele Linardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Extracorporeal Circulation ◽

Small Animal ◽

Leukocyte Activation ◽

Cautionary Tale ◽

Fundamental Information ◽

Inflammatory Activation ◽

Small Animal Models

In order to assess mechanisms underlying inflammatory activation during extracorporeal circulation (ECC), several small animal models of ECC have been proposed recently. The majority of them are based on home-made, nonstandardized, and hardly reproducible oxygenators. The present study has generated fundamental information on the role of oxygenator of ECC in activating inflammatory signaling pathways on leukocytes, leading to systemic inflammatory response, and organ dysfunction. The present results suggest that experimental animal models of ECC used in translational research on inflammatory response should be based on standardized, reproducible oxygenators with clinical characteristics.

Download Full-text

The Landscape of Protein Biomarkers Proposed for Periodontal Disease: Markers with Functional Meaning

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/569632 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nuno Rosa ◽

Maria José Correia ◽

Joel P. Arrais ◽

Nuno Costa ◽

José Luís Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Functional Role ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Integrated Analysis ◽

Protein Biomarkers ◽

Future Studies ◽

Specific Proteins ◽

Adequate Design

Periodontal disease (PD) is characterized by a deregulated inflammatory response which fails to resolve, activating bone resorption. The identification of the proteomes associated with PD has fuelled biomarker proposals; nevertheless, many questions remain. Biomarker selection should favour molecules representing an event which occurs throughout the disease progress. The analysis of proteome results and the information available for each protein, including its functional role, was accomplished using the OralOme database. The integrated analysis of this information ascertains if the suggested proteins reflect the cell and/or molecular mechanisms underlying the different forms of periodontal disease. The evaluation of the proteins present/absent or with very different concentrations in the proteome of each disease state was used for the identification of the mechanisms shared by different PD variants or specific to such state. The information presented is relevant for the adequate design of biomarker panels for PD. Furthermore, it will open new perspectives and help envisage future studies targeted to unveil the functional role of specific proteins and help clarify the deregulation process in the PD inflammatory response.

Download Full-text