The Interplay between Immune System and Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Review

The importance of the gut microbiota in human health is currently well established. It contributes to many vital functions such as development of the host immune system, digestion and metabolism, barrier against pathogens or brain–gut communication. Microbial colonization occurs during infancy in parallel with maturation of the host immune system; therefore, an adequate cross-talk between these processes is essential to generating tolerance to gut microbiota early in life, which is crucial to prevent allergic and immune-mediated diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by an exacerbated immune reaction against intestinal microbiota. Changes in abundance in the gut of certain microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea have been associated with IBD. Microbes that are commonly found in high abundance in healthy gut microbiomes, such as F. prausnitzii or R. hominis, are reduced in IBD patients. E. coli, which is usually present in a healthy gut in very low concentrations, is increased in the gut of IBD patients. Microbial taxa influence the immune system, hence affecting the inflammatory status of the host. This review examines the IBD microbiome profile and presents IBD as a model of dysbiosis.

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Development of a Reductionist Model to Study Interactions between the Immune System and the Gut Microbiota in a Murine Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(17)30713-8 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 152 (5) ◽

pp. S111

Author(s):

Amy Tsou ◽

Jeremy A. Goettel ◽

Amlan Biswas ◽

YuHui Kang ◽

Jeffrey Saltzman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Murine Model ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

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Bases for the Adequate Development of Nutritional Recommendations for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11051062 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1062 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Esteban Sáez-González ◽

Beatriz Mateos ◽

Pedro López-Muñoz ◽

Marisa Iborra ◽

Inés Moret ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Immune System ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Nutritional Intervention ◽

Host Cells ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Intestinal Immunity ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract; it is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disorder resulting from a complex interplay between genetic variation, intestinal microbiota, the host immune system and environmental factors such as diet, drugs, breastfeeding and smoking. The interactions between dietary nutrients and intestinal immunity are complex. There is a compelling argument for environmental factors such as diet playing a role in the cause and course of IBD, given that three important factors in the pathogenesis of IBD can be modulated and controlled by diet: intestinal microbiota, the immune system and epithelial barrier function. The aim of this review is to summarize the epidemiological findings regarding diet and to focus on the effects that nutrients exert on the intestinal mucosa–microbiota–permeability interaction. The nature of these interactions in IBD is influenced by alterations in the nutritional metabolism of the gut microbiota and host cells that can influence the outcome of nutritional intervention. A better understanding of diet–host–microbiota interactions is essential for unravelling the complex molecular basis of epigenetic, genetic and environmental interactions underlying IBD pathogenesis as well as for offering new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of IBD.

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Sphingolipids as Mediators in the Crosstalk between Microbiota and Intestinal Cells: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2016/9890141 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Phillips-Farfán Bryan ◽

Carvajal Karla ◽

Medina-Torres Edgar Alejandro ◽

Espinosa-Padilla Sara Elva ◽

Fabrias Gemma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Therapeutic Agents ◽

Intestinal Cells ◽

Intestinal Immunity ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes different illnesses characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the pathogenic mechanisms leading to IBD are poorly understood, immune system disturbances likely underlie its development. Sphingolipids (SLs) have been identified as important players and promising therapeutic targets to control inflammation in IBD. Interestingly, it seems that microorganisms of the normal gut microbiota and probiotics are involved in sphingolipid function. However, there is a great need to investigate the role of SLs as intermediates in the crosstalk between intestinal immunity and microorganisms. This review focuses on recent investigations that describe some mechanisms involved in the regulation of cytokine profiles by SLs. We also describe the importance of gut microbiota in providing signaling molecules that favor the communication between resident bacteria and intestinal cells. This, in turn, modulates the immune response in the bowel and likely in other peripheral organs. The potential of SLs and gut microbiota as targets or therapeutic agents for IBD is also discussed.

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Gut Microbiota and Dietary Factors as Modulators of the Mucus Layer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms221910224 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (19) ◽

pp. 10224

Author(s):

Samuel Fernández-Tomé ◽

Lorena Ortega Moreno ◽

María Chaparro ◽

Javier P. Gisbert

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Mucus Layer ◽

Gut Health ◽

Intestinal Mucus ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

The Impact

The gastrointestinal tract is optimized to efficiently absorb nutrients and provide a competent barrier against a variety of lumen environmental compounds. Different regulatory mechanisms jointly collaborate to maintain intestinal homeostasis, but alterations in these mechanisms lead to a dysfunctional gastrointestinal barrier and are associated to several inflammatory conditions usually found in chronic pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The gastrointestinal mucus, mostly composed of mucin glycoproteins, covers the epithelium and plays an essential role in digestive and barrier functions. However, its regulation is very dynamic and is still poorly understood. This review presents some aspects concerning the role of mucus in gut health and its alterations in IBD. In addition, the impact of gut microbiota and dietary compounds as environmental factors modulating the mucus layer is addressed. To date, studies have evidenced the impact of the three-way interplay between the microbiome, diet and the mucus layer on the gut barrier, host immune system and IBD. This review emphasizes the need to address current limitations on this topic, especially regarding the design of robust human trials and highlights the potential interest of improving our understanding of the regulation of the intestinal mucus barrier in IBD.

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Tu1829 - Peripartum Exposure to Antibiotics Induces Persistent Gut Dysbiosis, Skews Host Immune System Development and Increases Risk for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Genetically Susceptible offspring

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(18)33455-3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 154 (6) ◽

pp. S-1031

Author(s):

Jun Miyoshi ◽

Vanessa Leone ◽

Karen Yang ◽

Sawako Miyoshi ◽

Tom O. Delmont ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Immune System ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

System Development ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Gut Dysbiosis ◽

Immune System Development ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

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How Early-Life Gut Microbiota Alteration Sets Trajectories for Health and Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.690073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Feilong Guo ◽

Demin Cai ◽

Yanwei Li ◽

Haotian Gu ◽

Huan Qu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Early Life ◽

Time Window ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Chronic Inflammatory Condition ◽

Probiotic Treatment ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a recurrent chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine without any efficient therapeutic regimens. Gut microbiota, which plays an instrumental role in the development and maturation of the immune system, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. Emerging evidence has established that early-life events particularly maternal influences and antibiotic treatment are strongly correlated with the health or susceptibility to disease of an individual in later life. Thus, it is proposed that there is a critical period in infancy, during which the environmental exposures bestow a long-term pathophysiological imprint. This notion sheds new light on the development of novel approaches for the treatment, i.e., early interventions, more precisely, the prevention of many uncurable chronic inflammatory diseases like IBD. In this review, we have integrated current evidence to describe the feasibility of the “able-to-be-regulated microbiota,” summarized the underlying mechanisms of the “microbiota-driven immune system education,” explored the optimal intervention time window, and discussed the potential of designing early-probiotic treatment as a new prevention strategy for IBD.

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P155 ELUCIDATING INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE GUT MICROBIOTA IN A REDUCTIONIST MURINE MODEL OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.241 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 156 (3) ◽

pp. S103-S104

Author(s):

Amy Tsou ◽

Jeremy Goettel ◽

Amlan Biswas ◽

Yu Hui Kang ◽

Jeffrey Saltzman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Murine Model ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Potential Result from the Collusion between Gut Microbiota and Mucosal Immune System

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms7100440 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 440 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Bei Yue ◽

Xiaoping Luo ◽

Zhilun Yu ◽

Sridhar Mani ◽

Zhengtao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Mucosal Immune System ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

And Control ◽

Increased Susceptibility

Host health depends on the intestinal homeostasis between the innate/adaptive immune system and the microbiome. Numerous studies suggest that gut microbiota are constantly monitored by the host mucosal immune system, and any slight disturbance in the microbial communities may contribute to intestinal immune disruption and increased susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis between microbiota composition and the mucosal immune system is an effective approach to prevent and control IBD. The overall theme of this review is to summarize the research concerning the pathogenesis of IBD, with particular focus on the factors of gut microbiota-mucosal immune interactions in IBD. This is a comprehensive and in-depth report of the crosstalk between gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system in IBD pathogenesis, which may provide insight into the further evaluation of the therapeutic strategies for IBD.

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Dietary Regulation of the Crosstalk between Gut Microbiome and Immune Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10020368 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 368

Author(s):

Qianqian Yao ◽

Huiying Li ◽

Linlin Fan ◽

Yangdong Zhang ◽

Shengguo Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Community Diversity ◽

Inflammatory Disorder ◽

Susceptible Host ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic, recurring inflammatory response, is a growing global public health issue. It results from the aberrant crosstalk among environmental factors, gut microbiota, the immune system, and host genetics, with microbiota serving as the core of communication for differently-sourced signals. In the susceptible host, dysbiosis, characterized by the bloom of facultative anaerobic bacteria and the decline of community diversity and balance, can trigger an aberrant immune response that leads to reduced tolerance against commensal microbiota. In IBD, such dysbiosis has been profoundly proven in animal models, as well as clinic data analysis; however, it has not yet been conclusively ascertained whether dysbiosis actually promotes the disease or is simply a consequence of the inflammatory disorder. Better insight into the complex network of interactions between food, the intestinal microbiome, and host immune response will, therefore, contribute significantly to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of IBD. In this article, we review the ways in which the mutualistic circle of dietary nutrients, gut microbiota, and the immune system becomes anomalous during the IBD process, and discuss the roles of bacterial factors in shaping the intestinal inflammatory barrier and adjusting immune capacity.

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