scholarly journals Phototoxicities Caused by Continuous Light Exposure Were Not Induced in Retinal Ganglion Cells Transduced by an Optogenetic Gene

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6732
Author(s):  
Kitako Tabata ◽  
Eriko Sugano ◽  
Akito Hatakeyama ◽  
Yoshito Watanabe ◽  
Tomoya Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Visually Evoked Potentials ◽  
Light Damage ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Microscope

The death of photoreceptor cells is induced by continuous light exposure. However, it is unclear whether light damage was induced in retinal ganglion cells with photosensitivity by transduction of optogenetic genes. In this study, we evaluated the phototoxicities of continuous light exposure on retinal ganglion cells after transduction of the optogenetic gene mVChR1 using an adeno-associated virus vector. Rats were exposed to continuous light for a week, and visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded. The intensities of continuous light (500, 1000, 3000, and 5000 lx) increased substantially after VEP recordings. After the final recording of VEPs, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were retrogradely labeled with a fluorescein tracer, FluoroGold, and the number of retinal ganglion cells was counted under a fluorescent microscope. There was no significant reduction in the amplitudes of VEPs and the number of RGCs after exposure to any light intensity. These results indicated that RGCs were photosensitive after the transduction of optogenetic genes and did not induce any phototoxicity by continuous light exposure.

Controlling the number of melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells by early light exposure

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Hong ◽  
Qiang Zeng ◽  
Huaizhou Wang ◽  
Debbie S. Kuo ◽  
William H. Baldridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

scholarly journals Adeno-associated virus-RNAi of GlyRα1 and characterization of its synapse-specific inhibition in OFF alpha transient retinal ganglion cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (12) ◽  
pp. 3125-3137 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Zhang ◽  
S. B. Rompani ◽  
B. Roska ◽  
M. A. McCall
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Glutamate Release ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Decay Kinetics ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Α Subunit

In the central nervous system, inhibition shapes neuronal excitation. In spinal cord glycinergic inhibition predominates, whereas GABAergic inhibition predominates in the brain. The retina uses GABA and glycine in approximately equal proportions. Glycinergic crossover inhibition, initiated in the On retinal pathway, controls glutamate release from presynaptic OFF cone bipolar cells (CBCs) and directly shapes temporal response properties of OFF retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In the retina, four glycine receptor (GlyR) α-subunit isoforms are expressed in different sublaminae and their synaptic currents differ in decay kinetics. GlyRα1, expressed in both On and Off sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer, could be the glycinergic isoform that mediates On-to-Off crossover inhibition. However, subunit-selective glycine contributions remain unknown because we lack selective antagonists or cell class-specific subunit knockouts. To examine the role of GlyRα1 in direct inhibition in mature RGCs, we used retrogradely transported adeno-associated virus (AAV) that performed RNAi and eliminated almost all glycinergic spontaneous and visually evoked responses in PV5 (OFFαTransient) RGCs. Comparisons of responses in PV5 RGCs infected with AAV-scrambled-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or AAV- Glra1-shRNA confirm a role for GlyRα1 in crossover inhibition in cone-driven circuits. Our results also define a role for direct GlyRα1 inhibition in setting the resting membrane potential of PV5 RGCs. The absence of GlyRα1 input unmasked a serial and a direct feedforward GABAAergic modulation in PV5 RGCs, reflecting a complex interaction between glycinergic and GABAAergic inhibition.

scholarly journals Time-Varying Light Exposure in Chronobiology and Sleep Research Experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Spitschan
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Sleep Research ◽  
Neuroendocrine Responses ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
And Behavior

Light exposure profoundly affects human physiology and behavior through circadian and neuroendocrine photoreception primarily through the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Recent research has explored the possibility of using temporally patterned stimuli to manipulate circadian and neuroendocrine responses to light. This mini-review, geared to chronobiologists, sleep researchers, and scientists in adjacent disciplines, has two objectives: (1) introduce basic concepts in time-varying stimuli and (2) provide a checklist-based set of recommendations for documenting time-varying light exposures based on current best practices and standards.

scholarly journals External light dark cycle shapes gut microbiota through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Chan Lee ◽  
Tsung-Hao Lu ◽  
I-Chi Lee ◽  
Yan-Fang Zou ◽  
Hon-Tsen Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Gut Microbes

AbstractGut microbiota has been shown to involve in many physiological functions such as metabolism, brain development, and neuron degeneration disease. Intriguingly, many microbes in the digestive tract do not maintain a constant level of their relative abundance but show daily oscillations under normal conditions. Recent evidence indicates that chronic jetlag, constant darkness, or deletion of the circadian core gene can alter the composition of gut microbiota and dampen the daily oscillation of gut microbes. These studies suggest that the interaction between the host circadian clock and the light-dark cycle plays an important role in gut homeostasis and microbiota. However, how or whether environmental factors such as the light-dark cycle could modulate gut microbiota is still poorly understood. Using genetic mouse models and 16s rRNA metagenomic analysis, we found that light-dark cycle information transmitted by the ipRGC-sympathetic circuit was essential for daily oscillations of gut microbes under temporal restricted high fat diet condition. Furthermore, aberrant light exposure such as dim light at night (dLAN), acting through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), could alter the composition, relative abundance, and daily oscillations of gut microbiota. Together, our results indicate that external stimulation, such as light-dark cycle information, through the sensory system can modulate gut microbiota in the direction from the brain to the gut.

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