scholarly journals Time-Varying Light Exposure in Chronobiology and Sleep Research Experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Spitschan
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Sleep Research ◽  
Neuroendocrine Responses ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
And Behavior

Light exposure profoundly affects human physiology and behavior through circadian and neuroendocrine photoreception primarily through the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Recent research has explored the possibility of using temporally patterned stimuli to manipulate circadian and neuroendocrine responses to light. This mini-review, geared to chronobiologists, sleep researchers, and scientists in adjacent disciplines, has two objectives: (1) introduce basic concepts in time-varying stimuli and (2) provide a checklist-based set of recommendations for documenting time-varying light exposures based on current best practices and standards.

Controlling the number of melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells by early light exposure

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Hong ◽  
Qiang Zeng ◽  
Huaizhou Wang ◽  
Debbie S. Kuo ◽  
William H. Baldridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

scholarly journals Dynamics of Visual Adaptation With Simultaneous Stimulation of Two Visual Pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemente Paz-Filgueira ◽  
Michael Tan ◽  
Sarah Elliott ◽  
Dingcai Cao
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Visual Pathways ◽  
Visual Adaptation ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Simultaneous Stimulation ◽  
Adaptation Model ◽  
Stimulation Of

Primates’ retinal ganglion cells in different visual pathways have been shown to adapt independently (Current Biology 22 (2012) 220–224). However, the manner in which adaptation occurs under simultaneous stimulation of two visual pathways has not yet been explored. In this study, the dynamics of color afterimages were measured while stimulating one or two visual pathway using a time-varying afterimage paradigm. The dynamics of adaptation was approximately equivalent among the three primary visual pathways, but adaptation was slower for simultaneous stimulation of two visual pathways compared to the stimulation of one visual pathway. In addition, we found that the speed of adaptation also depends upon which two pathways are combined. We developed a two-stage adaptation model, both with the same dynamics, to account for the results with simultaneous stimulation of two pathways.

scholarly journals Phototoxicities Caused by Continuous Light Exposure Were Not Induced in Retinal Ganglion Cells Transduced by an Optogenetic Gene

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6732
Author(s):  
Kitako Tabata ◽  
Eriko Sugano ◽  
Akito Hatakeyama ◽  
Yoshito Watanabe ◽  
Tomoya Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Visually Evoked Potentials ◽  
Light Damage ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Microscope

The death of photoreceptor cells is induced by continuous light exposure. However, it is unclear whether light damage was induced in retinal ganglion cells with photosensitivity by transduction of optogenetic genes. In this study, we evaluated the phototoxicities of continuous light exposure on retinal ganglion cells after transduction of the optogenetic gene mVChR1 using an adeno-associated virus vector. Rats were exposed to continuous light for a week, and visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded. The intensities of continuous light (500, 1000, 3000, and 5000 lx) increased substantially after VEP recordings. After the final recording of VEPs, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were retrogradely labeled with a fluorescein tracer, FluoroGold, and the number of retinal ganglion cells was counted under a fluorescent microscope. There was no significant reduction in the amplitudes of VEPs and the number of RGCs after exposure to any light intensity. These results indicated that RGCs were photosensitive after the transduction of optogenetic genes and did not induce any phototoxicity by continuous light exposure.

scholarly journals Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1547-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tri Hoang Do ◽  
King-Wai Yau
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Visual Functions ◽  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
And Behavior

Life on earth is subject to alternating cycles of day and night imposed by the rotation of the earth. Consequently, living things have evolved photodetective systems to synchronize their physiology and behavior with the external light-dark cycle. This form of photodetection is unlike the familiar “image vision,” in that the basic information is light or darkness over time, independent of spatial patterns. “Nonimage” vision is probably far more ancient than image vision and is widespread in living species. For mammals, it has long been assumed that the photoreceptors for nonimage vision are also the textbook rods and cones. However, recent years have witnessed the discovery of a small population of retinal ganglion cells in the mammalian eye that express a unique visual pigment called melanopsin. These ganglion cells are intrinsically photosensitive and drive a variety of nonimage visual functions. In addition to being photoreceptors themselves, they also constitute the major conduit for rod and cone signals to the brain for nonimage visual functions such as circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex. Here we review what is known about these novel mammalian photoreceptors.

scholarly journals Mood and behavior seasonality in glaucoma; assessing correlations between seasonality and structure and function of the retinal ganglion cells

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. e0229991
Author(s):  
Helle Østergaard Madsen ◽  
Shakoor Ba-Ali ◽  
Henrik Lund-Andersen ◽  
Klaus Martiny ◽  
Ida Hageman
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals External light dark cycle shapes gut microbiota through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Chan Lee ◽  
Tsung-Hao Lu ◽  
I-Chi Lee ◽  
Yan-Fang Zou ◽  
Hon-Tsen Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Gut Microbes

AbstractGut microbiota has been shown to involve in many physiological functions such as metabolism, brain development, and neuron degeneration disease. Intriguingly, many microbes in the digestive tract do not maintain a constant level of their relative abundance but show daily oscillations under normal conditions. Recent evidence indicates that chronic jetlag, constant darkness, or deletion of the circadian core gene can alter the composition of gut microbiota and dampen the daily oscillation of gut microbes. These studies suggest that the interaction between the host circadian clock and the light-dark cycle plays an important role in gut homeostasis and microbiota. However, how or whether environmental factors such as the light-dark cycle could modulate gut microbiota is still poorly understood. Using genetic mouse models and 16s rRNA metagenomic analysis, we found that light-dark cycle information transmitted by the ipRGC-sympathetic circuit was essential for daily oscillations of gut microbes under temporal restricted high fat diet condition. Furthermore, aberrant light exposure such as dim light at night (dLAN), acting through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), could alter the composition, relative abundance, and daily oscillations of gut microbiota. Together, our results indicate that external stimulation, such as light-dark cycle information, through the sensory system can modulate gut microbiota in the direction from the brain to the gut.

scholarly journals No evidence for an S cone contribution to the human circadian response to light

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Spitschan ◽  
Rafael Lazar ◽  
Ebru Yetik ◽  
Christian Cajochen
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Short Wavelength Light ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Wavelength Light

Exposure to even moderately bright, short-wavelength light in the evening can strongly suppress the production of melatonin and can delay our circadian rhythm. These effects are mediated by the retinohypothalamic pathway, connecting a subset of retinal ganglion cells to the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain. These retinal ganglion cells directly express the photosensitive protein melanopsin, rendering them intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs). But ipRGCs also receive input from the classical photoreceptors — the cones and rods. Here, we examined whether the short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones contribute to circadian photoreception by using lights which differed exclusively in the amount of S cone excitation by almost two orders of magnitude (ratio 1:83), but not in the excitation of long-wavelength-sensitive (L) and medium-wavelength-sensitive (M) cones, rods, and melanopsin. We find no evidence for a role of S cones in the acute alerting and melatonin supressing response to evening light exposure, pointing to an exclusive role of melanopsin in driving circadian responses.

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