AbstractBackgroundBinge drinking, a common form of alcohol consumption, is associated with increased mortality and morbidity; yet, its effects on the immune system’s ability to defend against infectious agents are poorly understood.Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis can occur in healthy humans, yet binge alcohol use is progressively being recognized as a major risk factor. Although our previous studies demonstrated that binge alcohol exposure results in reduced alveolar macrophage function and increasedBurkholderiavirulencein vitro, no experimental studies have investigated the outcomes of binge alcohol onBurkholderiaspp. infectionin vivo.Principal FindingsWe used the close genetic relatives ofB. pseudomallei, B. thailandensisE264 andB. vietnamiensis, as useful BSL-2 model systems. Eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were administered alcohol comparable to human binge drinking episodes (4.4 g/kg) or PBS intraperitoneally 30 min before a non-lethal intranasal infection. In an initialB. thailandensisinfection (3 x 105), bacteria accumulated in the lungs and disseminated to the spleen in alcohol administered mice only, compared with PBS treated mice at 24 h post-infection (PI). The greatest bacterial load occurred withB. vietnamiensis(1 x 106) in lungs, spleen, and brain tissue by 72 h PI. Pulmonary cytokine expression (TNF-α, GM-CSF) decreased, while splenic cytokine (IL-10) increased in binge drunk mice. Increased lung and brain permeability was observed as early as 2 h post alcohol administrationin vivo.Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was significantly decreased, while intracellular invasion of non-phagocytic cells increased with 0.2% v/v alcohol exposurein vitro.ConclusionsOur results indicate that a single binge alcohol dose suppressed innate immune functions and increased the ability of less virulentBurkholderiastrains to disseminate through increased barrier permeability and intracellular invasion of non-phagocytic cells.Author SummaryBurkholderia pseudomalleicauses the disease melioidosis, which occurs in most tropical regions across the globe. Exposure rarely evolves to significant disease in the absence of specific comorbidities, such as binge alcohol intoxication. In susceptible hosts, the disease is primarily manifested as pneumonic melioidosis and can be rapidly fatal if untreated. In this study, we utilizedB. thailandensis, a genetically similar strain toB. pseudomallei, and opportunisticB. vietnamiensis, a known human pathogen that utilizes similar virulence strategies asB. pseudomalleiin immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis patients. The study investigates the impact of a single binge alcohol episode on infectivity and immune responsein vivo. We show that a single binge alcohol episode prior to inhalingBurkholderiaspecies increases bacterial spread to the lungs and brain. We also identify alcohol-induced tissue permeability and epithelial cell invasion as modes of action for greater bacterial spread and survival inside the host. Our results support the public health responses being developed in melioidosis-endemic regions that emphasize the nature of binge drinking as a prime concern, especially around potential times of exposure to environmentalB. pseudomallei.
Lipid Self-Assemblies under the Atomic Force Microscope
