scholarly journals Comparative Hessian Fly Larval Transcriptomics Provides Novel Insight into Host and Nonhost Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11498
Author(s):  
Subhashree Subramanyam ◽  
Jill A. Nemacheck ◽  
Shaojun Xie ◽  
Ketaki Bhide ◽  
Jyothi Thimmapuram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Hessian Fly ◽  
Nonhost Resistance ◽  
Developmentally Delayed ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
Gene Characterization ◽  
Genome Complexity

The Hessian fly is a destructive pest of wheat. Employing additional molecular strategies can complement wheat’s native insect resistance. However, this requires functional characterization of Hessian-fly-responsive genes, which is challenging because of wheat genome complexity. The diploid Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) exhibits nonhost resistance to Hessian fly and displays phenotypic/molecular responses intermediate between resistant and susceptible host wheat, offering a surrogate genome for gene characterization. Here, we compared the transcriptomes of Biotype L larvae residing on resistant/susceptible wheat, and nonhost Bd plants. Larvae from susceptible wheat and nonhost Bd plants revealed similar molecular responses that were distinct from avirulent larval responses on resistant wheat. Secreted salivary gland proteins were strongly up-regulated in all larvae. Genes from various biological pathways and molecular processes were up-regulated in larvae from both susceptible wheat and nonhost Bd plants. However, Bd larval expression levels were intermediate between larvae from susceptible and resistant wheat. Most genes were down-regulated or unchanged in avirulent larvae, correlating with their inability to establish feeding sites and dying within 4–5 days after egg-hatch. Decreased gene expression in Bd larvae, compared to ones on susceptible wheat, potentially led to developmentally delayed 2nd-instars, followed by eventually succumbing to nonhost resistance defense mechanisms.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Antiviral Responses in Brachypodium distachyon and Setaria viridis Reveals Conserved and Unique Outcomes Among C3 and C4 Plant Defenses

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1277-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kranthi K. Mandadi ◽  
Jesse D. Pyle ◽  
Karen-Beth G. Scholthof
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Brome Mosaic Virus ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Model C

Viral diseases cause significant losses in global agricultural production, yet little is known about grass antiviral defense mechanisms. We previously reported on host immune responses triggered by Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) and its satellite virus (SPMV) in the model C3 grass Brachypodium distachyon. To aid comparative analyses of C3 and C4 grass antiviral defenses, here, we establish B. distachyon and Setaria viridis (a C4 grass) as compatible hosts for seven grass-infecting viruses, including PMV and SPMV, Brome mosaic virus, Barley stripe mosaic virus, Maize mild mottle virus, Sorghum yellow banding virus, Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), and Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV). Etiological and molecular characterization of the fourteen grass-virus pathosystems showed evidence for conserved crosstalk among salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid, and ethylene pathways in B. distachyon and S. viridis. Strikingly, expression of PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4, an upstream modulator of SA signaling, was consistently suppressed during most virus infections in B. distachyon and S. viridis. Hierarchical clustering analyses further identified unique antiviral responses triggered by two morphologically similar viruses, FoMV and WSMV, and uncovered other host-dependent effects. Together, the results of this study establish B. distachyon and S. viridis as models for the analysis of plant-virus interactions and provide the first framework for conserved and unique features of C3 and C4 grass antiviral defenses.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Hessian fly resistance in diploid wheat, Aegilops tauschii

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill A. Nemacheck ◽  
Brandon J. Schemerhorn ◽  
Steven R. Scofield ◽  
Subhashree Subramanyam
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Aegilops Tauschii ◽  
Hessian Fly ◽  
Functional Validation ◽  
Diploid Progenitor ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
Physical Measurements

Abstract Background The Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), belonging to the gall midge family (Cecidomyiidae), is a devastating pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum) causing significant yield losses. Despite identification and characterization of numerous Hessian fly-responsive genes and associated biological pathways involved in wheat defense against this dipteran pest, their functional validation has been challenging. This is largely attributed to the large genome, polyploidy, repetitive DNA, and limited genetic resources in hexaploid wheat. The diploid progenitor Aegilops tauschii, D-genome donor of modern-day hexaploid wheat, offers an ideal surrogate eliminating the need to target all three homeologous chromosomes (A, B and D) individually, and thereby making the functional validation of candidate Hessian fly-responsive genes plausible. Furthermore, the well-annotated sequence of Ae. tauschii genome and availability of genetic resources amenable to manipulations makes the functional assays less tedious and time-consuming. However, prior to utilization of this diploid genome for downstream studies, it is imperative to characterize its physical and molecular responses to Hessian fly. Results In this study we screened five Ae. tauschii accessions for their response to the Hessian fly biotypes L and vH13. Two lines were identified that exhibited a homozygous resistance response to feeding by both Hessian fly biotypes. Studies using physical measurements and neutral red staining showed that the resistant Ae. tauschii accessions resembled hexaploid wheat in their phenotypic responses to Hessian fly, that included similarities in larval developmental stages, leaf and plant growth, and cell wall permeability. Furthermore, molecular responses, characterized by gene expression profiling using quantitative real-time PCR, in select resistant Ae. tauschii lines also revealed similarities with resistant hexaploid wheat. Conclusions Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Ae. tauschii to Hessian fly infestation revealed resistant accessions that shared similarities to hexaploid wheat. Resembling the resistant hexaploid wheat, the Ae. tauschii accessions mount an early defense strategy involving defense proteins including lectins, secondary metabolites and reactive oxygen species (ROS) radicals. Our results reveal the suitability of the diploid progenitor for use as an ideal tool for functional genomics research in deciphering the wheat-Hessian fly molecular interactions.

scholarly journals Nonhost Resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana Against Alternaria alternata Involves both Pre- and Postinvasive Defenses but Is Collapsed by AAL-Toxin in the Absence of LOH2

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 733-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayumi Egusa ◽  
Takuya Miwa ◽  
Hironori Kaminaka ◽  
Yoshitaka Takano ◽  
Motoichiro Kodama
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Nonhost Resistance ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Toxin Resistance ◽  
Tomato Pathotype ◽  
Aal Toxin

The tomato pathotype of Alternaria alternata causes Alternaria stem canker on tomato depending upon the production of the host-specific AAL-toxin. Host defense mechanisms to A. alternata, however, are largely unknown. Here, we elucidate some of the mechanisms of nonhost resistance to A. alternata using Arabidopsis mutants. Wild-type Arabidopsis showed either no symptoms or a hypersensitive reaction (HR) when inoculated with both strains of AAL-toxin-producing and non-producing A. alternata. Yet, when these Arabidopsis penetration (pen) mutants, pen2 and pen3, were challenged with both strains of A. alternata, fungal penetration was possible. However, further fungal development and conidiation were limited on these pen mutants by postinvasion defense with HR-like cell death. Meanwhile, only AAL-toxin-producing A. alternata could invade lag one homologue (loh)2 mutants, which have a defect in the AAL-toxin resistance gene, subsequently allowing the fungus to complete its life cycle. Thus, the nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to A. alternata consists of multilayered defense systems that include pre-invasion resistance via PEN2 and PEN3 and postinvasion resistance. However, our study also indicates that the pathogen is able to completely overcome the multilayered nonhost resistance if the plant is sensitive to the AAL-toxin, which is an effector of the toxin-dependent necrotrophic pathogen A. alternata.

scholarly journals Identification of GATA Transcription Factors in Brachypodium distachyon and Functional Characterization of BdGATA13 in Drought Tolerance and Response to Gibberellins

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Guo ◽  
Xionghui Bai ◽  
Keli Dai ◽  
Xiangyang Yuan ◽  
Pingyi Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Gata Transcription Factors ◽  
Gene Structures

GATA transcription factors (TFs) are type IV zinc-finger proteins that have roles in plant development and growth. The 27 GATA TFs identified in the Brachypodium distachyon genome in this study were unevenly distributed across all five chromosomes and classified into four subgroups. Phylogenesis-related GATAs shared similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Expression profiles showed that all BdGATA genes were expressed in leaves and most were induced by PEG treatment. BdGATA13 was predominantly expressed in leaf tissue and phylogenetically close to OsSNFL1, AtGNC, and AtGNL. Its protein was detected in the nucleus by subcellular localization analysis. Overexpression of BdGATA13 in transgenic Arabidopsis resulted in darker green leaves, later flowering, and more importantly, enhanced drought tolerance compared to the wild type. BdGATA13 also promoted primary root development under GA treatment. These results lay a foundation for better understanding the function of GATA genes in B. distachyon and other plants.

scholarly journals Functional characterization of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase in Brachypodium distachyon

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina M Trabucco ◽  
Dominick A Matos ◽  
Scott J Lee ◽  
Aaron J Saathoff ◽  
Henry D Priest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol

scholarly journals Molecular and functional characterization of cold-responsive C-repeat binding factors from Brachypodium distachyon

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Ryu ◽  
Shin-Young Hong ◽  
Sin-Hye Jo ◽  
Je-Chang Woo ◽  
Sangmin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Functional Characterization

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification of GRAS genes in Brachypodium distachyon and functional characterization of BdSLR1 and BdSLRL1

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Niu ◽  
Shoukun Chen ◽  
Jiawei Li ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
Wanquan Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Genome Wide

Identification of the ASR gene family from Brachypodium distachyon and functional characterization of BdASR1 in response to drought stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1221-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianzhe Wang ◽  
Wei Hu ◽  
Jialu Feng ◽  
Xiaoyue Yang ◽  
Quanjun Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Asr Gene

scholarly journals Proteome and Phosphoproteome Characterization Reveals New Response and Defense Mechanisms of Brachypodium distachyon Leaves under Salt Stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 632-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Wen Lv ◽  
Saminathan Subburaj ◽  
Min Cao ◽  
Xing Yan ◽  
Xiaohui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon

scholarly journals Basic Compatibility of Albugo candida in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica juncea Causes Broad-Spectrum Suppression of Innate Immunity

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 745-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Cooper ◽  
A. O. Latunde-Dada ◽  
A. Woods-Tör ◽  
J. Lynn ◽  
J. A. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Nonhost Resistance ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Albugo Candida ◽  
In The Wild

A biotrophic parasite often depends on an intrinsic ability to suppress host defenses in a manner that will enable it to infect and successfully colonize a susceptible host. If the suppressed defenses otherwise would have been effective against alternative pathogens, it follows that primary infection by the “suppressive” biotroph potentially could enhance susceptibility of the host to secondary infection by avirulent pathogens. This phenomenon previously has been attributed to true fungi such as rust (basidiomycete) and powdery mildew (ascomycete) pathogens. In our study, we observed broad-spectrum suppression of host defense by the oomycete Albugo candida (white blister rust) in the wild crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana and a domesticated relative, Brassica juncea. A. candida subsp. arabidopsis suppressed the “runaway cell death” phenotype of the lesion mimic mutant lsd1 in Arabidopsis thaliana in a sustained manner even after subsequent inoculation with avirulent Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana downy mildew). In sequential inoculation experiments, we show that preinfection by virulent Albugo candida can suppress disease resistance in cotyledons to several downy mildew pathogens, including contrasting examples of genotype resistance to H. arabidopsis in Arabidopsis thaliana that differ in the R protein and modes of defense signaling used to confer the resistance; genotype specific resistance in B. juncea to H. parasitica (Brassica downy mildew; isolates derived from B. juncea); species level (nonhost) resistance in both crucifers to Bremia lactucae (lettuce downy mildew) and an isolate of the H. parasitica race derived from Brassica oleracea; and nonhost resistance in B. juncea to H. arabidopsis. Broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance conferred by RPW8 also was suppressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to two morphotypes of Erysiphe spp. following pre-infection with A. candida subsp. arabidopsis.

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