Genome-Wide Identification of the Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase (XTH) and Polygalacturonase (PG) Genes and Characterization of their Role in Fruit Softening of Sweet Cherry

Fruit firmness is an important economical trait in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) where the change of this trait is related to cell wall degradation. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and polygalacturonases (PGs) are critical cell-wall-modifying enzymes that occupy a crucial position in fruit ripening and softening. Herein, we identified 18 XTHs and 45 PGs designated PavXTH1-18 and PavPG1-45 based on their locations in the genome of sweet cherry. We provided a systematical overview of PavXTHs and PavPGs, including phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, and expression profiling of these genes. The results showed that PavXTH14, PavXTH15 and PavPG38 were most likely to participated in fruit softening owing to the substantial increment in expression during fruit development and ripening. Furthermore, the phytohormone ABA, MeJA, and ethephon significantly elevated the expression of PavPG38 and PavXTH15, and thus promoted fruit softening. Importantly, transient expression PavXTH14, PavXTH15 and PavPG38 in cherry fruits significantly reduced the fruit firmness, and the content of various cell wall components including hemicellulose and pectin significantly changed correspondingly in the transgenic fruit. Taken together, these results present an extensive analysis of XTHs and PGs in sweet cherry and provide potential targets for breeding softening-resistant sweet cherry cultivars via manipulating cell wall-associated genes.

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CHANGES IN RIPENING ENZYMES DURING SWEET CHERRY FRUIT DEVELOPMENT

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.626a ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 626a-626

Author(s):

Shulin Li ◽

Preston K. Andrews

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Fruit Development ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Pectin Methylesterase ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Fruit Softening ◽

Fruit Firmness ◽

Purification And Characterization

The activities of the fruit ripening enzymes cellulase, polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin methylesterase (PME) were detected during the development of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit. Cellulase and PG activities of pericarp tissue increased 4-10 times between hypanthium abscission and harvest. PME activity remained high throughout this period of fruit development. There was a positive correlation between the anthocyanin content of the pericarp and both cellulase and PG activities. Concomitant with the increases in the activities of these ripening enzymes was a decrease in fruit firmness. The increases in cellulase and PG activities were checked following two-weeks storage at 10 C after harvest. The purification and characterization of the putative cellulase and PG enzymes will be discussed, together with attempts to chemically inhibit their activities and modify fruit softening.

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Loss of Firmness and Changes in Pectic Fractions during Ripening and Overripening of Sweet Cherry

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.7.777 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (7) ◽

pp. 777-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

B. Fils-Lycaon ◽

M. Buret

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Hydrochloric Acid ◽

Galacturonic Acid ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Middle Lamella ◽

Primary Cell Wall ◽

Insoluble Residue ◽

Neutral Sugar ◽

Fruit Firmness

Pectic fractions soluble in water, oxalate, or hydrochloric acid were prepared from an alcohol-insoluble residue of cherry (Prunus avium L., `Bigarreau Napoléon') tissue. Galacturonic acid and neutral sugar contents were measured during the ripening and overripening of fruit. Fruit firmness was also determined. The changes occurring during fruit development gave prominence to three physiological stages and suggested the progressive degradation of the middle lamella and primary cell wall. The firmness measurement was related to the equilibrium between the relative parts of these pectic fractions.

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Storage Characteristics of New Sweet Cherry Cultivars

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.37.1.139 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 139-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

F. Kappel ◽

P. Toivonen ◽

D.-L. McKenzie ◽

S. Stan

Keyword(s):

Respiration Rate ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Modified Atmosphere ◽

Fruit Firmness ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

Storage Characteristics ◽

Fruit Surface ◽

New Cultivars ◽

Quality Measurements

Several sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars were stored in air or modified-atmosphere packages (MAP) at 1 °C for 2 or 4 weeks, respectively. The new cultivars included `Santina', `Sumpaca Celeste', `Sumnue Cristalina', `Sumste Samba', `Sandra Rose', `Sumleta Sonata', and `Skeena', and the standards were `Lapins', `Sweetheart', and `Bing'. Fruit were rated for defects (stem browning, stem shrivel and fruit surface pitting), and fruit quality at harvest and after storage. Weight loss during storage was influenced by year, storage treatment, and cultivar. Stem shrivel, stem browning, and fruit surface pitting varied among cultivars and years. Generally, fruit stored in MAP had higher fruit firmness than at harvest or when stored in air. The respiration rate of fruit was lower in later than in earlier maturing cultivars, but respiration rate at harvest was not related to any of the quality measurements taken after storage.

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Fruit Quality Characterization of New Sweet Cherry Cultivars as a Good Source of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Potential

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9080677 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 677

Author(s):

Fabiana Antognoni ◽

Giulia Potente ◽

Roberto Mandrioli ◽

Cristina Angeloni ◽

Michela Freschi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

High Performance ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

Array Detection ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

New Cultivars

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) are highly appreciated fruits for their taste, color, nutritional value, and beneficial health effects. In this work, seven new cultivars of sweet cherry were investigated for their main quality traits and nutraceutical value. The phytochemical profile of three classes of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the new cultivars were investigated through high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and spectrophotometric assays, respectively, and compared with those of commonly commercialized cultivars. Cyanidine-3-O-rutinoside was the main anthocyanin in all genotypes, and its levels in some new cultivars were about three-fold higher than in commercial ones. The ORAC-assayed antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with the total anthocyanin index. The nutraceutical value of the new cultivars was investigated in terms of antioxidant/neuroprotective capacity in neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells. Results demonstrated that the new cultivars were more effective in counteracting oxidative stress and were also able to upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a pro-survival neurotrophin, suggesting their potential pleiotropic role in counteracting neurodegenerations.

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Biochemical and phenotypic characterization of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars with induced surface pitting

Postharvest Biology and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111494 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 175 ◽

pp. 111494

Author(s):

Excequel Ponce ◽

Blanca Alzola ◽

Natalia Cáceres ◽

Madeline Gas ◽

Catalina Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Phenotypic Characterization ◽

Prunus Avium L

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Multi-year analyses on three populations reveal the first stable QTLs for tolerance to rain-induced fruit cracking in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Horticulture Research ◽

10.1038/s41438-021-00571-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

José Quero-García ◽

Philippe Letourmy ◽

José Antonio Campoy ◽

Camille Branchereau ◽

Svetoslav Malchev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Confidence Intervals ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Linear Models ◽

Basic Research ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Phenotypic Variance ◽

Fruit Cracking ◽

The Stability ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars

AbstractRain-induced fruit cracking is a major problem in sweet cherry cultivation. Basic research has been conducted to disentangle the physiological and mechanistic bases of this complex phenomenon, whereas genetic studies have lagged behind. The objective of this work was to disentangle the genetic determinism of rain-induced fruit cracking. We hypothesized that a large genetic variation would be revealed, by visual field observations conducted on mapping populations derived from well-contrasted cultivars for cracking tolerance. Three populations were evaluated over 7–8 years by estimating the proportion of cracked fruits for each genotype at maturity, at three different areas of the sweet cherry fruit: pistillar end, stem end, and fruit side. An original approach was adopted to integrate, within simple linear models, covariates potentially related to cracking, such as rainfall accumulation before harvest, fruit weight, and firmness. We found the first stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for cherry fruit cracking, explaining percentages of phenotypic variance above 20%, for each of these three types of cracking tolerance, in different linkage groups, confirming the high complexity of this trait. For these and other QTLs, further analyses suggested the existence of at least two-linked QTLs in each linkage group, some of which showed confidence intervals close to 5 cM. These promising results open the possibility of developing marker-assisted selection strategies to select cracking-tolerant sweet cherry cultivars. Further studies are needed to confirm the stability of the reported QTLs over different genetic backgrounds and environments and to narrow down the QTL confidence intervals, allowing the exploration of underlying candidate genes.

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Self-incompatibility allele identification in Ukrainian sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars

Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv ◽

10.7124/visnyk.utgis.15.2.873 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 150-158

Author(s):

Ya. I. Ivanovych ◽

N. V. Tryapitsyna ◽

K. M. Udovychenko ◽

R. A. Volkov

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Electrophoretic Analysis ◽

Self Incompatibility ◽

Incompatibility Group ◽

S Alleles ◽

Pcr Products ◽

Incompatibility Alleles ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

Consensus Primers

Aim. Ukrainian breeders have created a large number of sweet cherry cultivars, which still remain almost unexplored at the molecular level. The aim of our study was to identify the self-incompatibility alleles (S-alleles) in Ukrainian sweet cherry cultivars and landraces, and to elucidate, to which cross-incompatibility group the cultivars belong. Methods. The PCR was conducted using consensus primers to the first and second introns of S-RNAse gene and to the single intron of SFB gene. The electrophoretic analysis of the PCR products of the second intron of S-RNAse was carried out in agarose gel, whereas detection of fluorescently labeled DNA fragments of the first S-RNAse intron and the SFB intron was performed using a genetic analyzer. Results. The S-alleles of 25 Ukrainian sweet cherry cultivars and 10 landraces were identified. The S-alleles frequencies and affiliation of cultivars and landraces to the groups of cross-incompatibility were determined. The obtained data can be used in breeding programs and by planning of industrial plantings. Conclusions. In the study, 12 different S-alleles and 79 S-haplotypes were identified. The S1, S3, S4, S5, S6 and S9 alleles are the most widespread among Ukrainian sweet cherry cultivars and landraces. The high frequencies of S5 and especially of S9 alleles are characteristic for the Ukrainian cultivars and distinguish them from other European ones. For the Ukrainian sweet cherry cultivars, the XXXVII (S5S9) cross-incompatibility group appeared to be the most numerous.Keywords: Ukrainian sweet cherry cultivars, S-locus, Sgenotypes, self- and cross-incompatibility, Prunus avium.

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Development of tensile strength in compatible and incompatible sweet cherry graftings

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b04-167 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 202-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bjarne Hjelmsted Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

The Self ◽

The Other ◽

Preliminary Work ◽

Cherry Rootstocks ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

Prunus Avium L

The tensile strengths of graftings between three selected sweet cherry cultivars and five selected cherry rootstocks were determined with an Instron instrument 6, 12, and 18 weeks after grafting and compared with the tensile strength of self-grafted rootstocks and graftings of rootstocks used as scions. The combination of sweet cherry cultivars and rootstocks was selected to provide a range of compatibility based on preliminary work. The tensile strengths of sweet cherry cultivars grafted on different rootstocks never exceeded the tensile strengths of the self-grafted rootstocks. Rootstocks grafted as scions on Prunus avium L. rootstocks and self-grafted rootstocks produced some of the strongest unions tested and also produced union strength much faster than any of the other combinations. The degree of compatibility was quantified and results indicated that if this value was below 0.2, measured 18 weeks after grafting, it corresponded to combinations with major risks of delayed incompatibility.Key words: tensile strength, grafting, compatibility, sweet cherry, Prunus avium.

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