scholarly journals Mutation in OsFWL7 Affects Cadmium and Micronutrient Metal Accumulation in Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12583
Author(s):  
Qingsong Gao ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Haiying Zhou ◽  
Xi Liu ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Metal Accumulation ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Membrane Microdomains ◽  
Metal Transporter ◽  
Membrane Microdomain ◽  
Marker Proteins ◽  
Family Gene

Micronutrient metals, such as Mn, Cu, Fe, and Zn, are essential heavy metals for plant growth and development, while Cd is a nonessential heavy metal that is highly toxic to both plants and humans. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Cd and micronutrient metal accumulation in plants remains incomplete. Here, we show that OsFWL7, an FW2.2-like (FWL) family gene in Oryza sativa, is preferentially expressed in the root and encodes a protein localized to the cell membrane. The osfwl7 mutation reduces both the uptake and the root-to-shoot translocation of Cd in rice plants. Additionally, the accumulation of micronutrient metals, including Mn, Cu, and Fe, was lower in osfwl7 mutants than in the wildtype plants under normal growth conditions. Moreover, the osfwl7 mutation affects the expression of several heavy metal transporter genes. Protein interaction analyses reveal that rice FWL proteins interact with themselves and one another, and with several membrane microdomain marker proteins. Our results suggest that OsFWL7 is involved in Cd and micronutrient metal accumulation in rice. Additionally, rice FWL proteins may form oligomers and some of them may be located in membrane microdomains.

Physiological and molecular mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation in nonmycorrhizal versus mycorrhizal plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1087-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenguang Shi ◽  
Yuhong Zhang ◽  
Shaoliang Chen ◽  
Andrea Polle ◽  
Heinz Rennenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Metal Accumulation ◽  
Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Constitutive and inducible Saccharomyces cerevisiae promoters: evidence for two distinct molecular mechanisms

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 3847-3853
Author(s):  
K Struhl
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Inducible Promoters ◽  
Upstream Promoter ◽  
Selection Of

his3 and pet56 are adjacent Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes that are transcribed in opposite directions from initiation sites that are separated by 200 base pairs. Under normal growth conditions, in which his3 and pet56 are transcribed at similar basal levels, a poly(dA-dT) sequence located between the genes serves as the upstream promoter element for both. In contrast, his3 but not pet56 transcription is induced during conditions of amino acid starvation, even though the critical regulatory site is located upstream of both respective TATA regions. Moreover, only one of the two normal his3 initiation sites is subject to induction. From genetic and biochemical evidence, I suggest that the his3-pet56 intergenic region contains constitutive and inducible promoters with different properties. In particular, two classes of TATA elements, constitutive (Tc) and regulatory (Tr), can be distinguished by their ability to respond to upstream regulatory elements, by their effects on the selection of initiation sites, and by their physical structure in nuclear chromatin. Constitutive and inducible his3 transcription is mediated by distinct promoters representing each class, whereas pet56 transcription is mediated by a constitutive promoter. Molecular mechanisms for these different kinds of S. cerevisiae promoters are proposed.

scholarly journals Poaceae Orthologs of Rice OsSGL, DUF1645 Domain-Containing Genes, Positively Regulate Drought Tolerance, Grain Length and Weight in Rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Mingjuan Li ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Yanchun Cui ◽  
Xuming Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Grain Length ◽  
Drought Stress Tolerance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Seed Setting Percentage

Abstract BackgroundGrain yield is a polygenic trait influenced by environmental and genetic interactions at all growth stages of the cereal plant. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for coordinating the trade-off or cross-talk between these traits remain elusive.ResultsWe characterized the hitherto unknown function of four STRESS_tolerance and GRAIN_LENGTH (OsSGL) Poaceae ortholog genes, all encoding DUF1645 domain-containing proteins, in simultaneous regulation of grain length, grain weight, and drought stress-tolerance in rice. In normal growth conditions, the four ortholog genes were mainly expressed in the developing roots and panicles of the corresponding species. Over-expressing or heterologous high-level expressing Poaceae OsSGL ortholog genes conferred remarkably increased grain length, weight, and seed setting percentage, as well as significantly improved drought-stress tolerance in transgenic rice. Microscopical analysis also showed that the transgene expression promoted cell division and development. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses revealed 73.8% (18,711) overlapped DEGs in all transgenic plants. Moreover, GO and KEGG analyses of different comparisons revealed that the key DEGs participating in drought stress-response belonged to hormone (especially auxin and cytokinin) pathways, and signaling processes were apparently affected in the young panicles. ConclusionTogether, these results suggest the four OsSGL orthologs perform a conserved function in regulating stress-tolerance and cell growth by acting via a hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathway. It may also induce a strategy for tailor-made crop yield improvement.

scholarly journals Filamentation in Candida albicans is modulated by adaptive translation of farnesol signalling genes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Oliveira ◽  
Ana Rita Guimarães ◽  
Inês Correia ◽  
Inês Sousa ◽  
Ana Poim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Variable Morphology

AbstractThe complex biology of the human pathogen Candida albicans is reflected in its remarkable ability to proliferate in numerous body sites, adapt to drastic changes in the environment, form various types of colonies and grow in yeast, pseudo-hyphal and hyphal forms. Much has been learnt in recent years about the relevance of this phenotypic plasticity, but the mechanisms that support it are still not fully understood. We have demonstrated that atypical translation of the CUG codon is a source of unexpected morphological diversity. The CUG codon is translated as both leucine (Leu) (~3%) and serine (Ser) (~97%) in normal growth conditions, but Ser/Leu levels change in response to stress. Remarkably, recombinant C. albicans strains incorporating between 20% and 99% of Leu at CUG sites display a diverse array of phenotypes and produce colonies of variable morphology containing a mixture of yeast, pseudohyphal and hyphal cells. In this work we investigate the role of the CUG codon in the yeast-hypha transition. Our data show that increasing incorporation levels of Leu at CUG sites trigger hyphal initiation under non-inducing conditions by reducing farnesol production, and increasing the degradation of the Nrg1 hyphal repressor. We propose that dual CUG Ser/Leu translation triggers filamentation via the Nrg1 pathway.ImportanceThe unique translation of the CUG codon as both Ser (~97%) and Leu (~3%) plays a key role in the production of high genomic and phenotypic diversity in C. albicans. The molecular mechanisms that support such diversity are poorly understood. Here, we show that increased Leu incorporation at CUG sites induce hyphae formation in media where C. albicans normally grows in the yeast form. The data show that increasing Leu at CUG sites triggers the degradation of the hyphal repressor Nrg1, allowing for full expression of hyphal genes. Since filamentation is important for invasion of host tissues, this work shows how the atypical translation of a single codon may play a critical role in the virulence of all fungi of the CTG clade.

scholarly journals Extensively Current Activity of Transposable Elements in Natural Rice Accessions Revealed by Singleton Insertions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Han Zhao ◽  
Yan Yan ◽  
Ming-Xiao Wei ◽  
Yun-Chao Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Rice Accession ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Transposon Insertion ◽  
Current Activity ◽  
Variable Activity

Active transposable elements (TEs) have drawn more attention as they continue to create new insertions and contribute to genetic diversity of the genome. However, only a few have been discovered in rice up to now, and their activities are mostly induced by artificial treatments (e.g., tissue culture, hybridization etc.) rather than under normal growth conditions. To systematically survey the current activity of TEs in natural rice accessions and identify rice accessions carrying highly active TEs, the transposon insertion polymorphisms (TIPs) profile was used to identify singleton insertions, which were unique to a single accession and represented the new insertion of TEs in the genome. As a result, 10,924 high-confidence singletons from 251 TE families were obtained, covering all investigated TE types. The number of singletons varied substantially among different superfamilies/families, perhaps reflecting distinct current activity. Particularly, eight TE families maintained potentially higher activity in 3,000 natural rice accessions. Sixty percent of rice accessions were detected to contain singletons, indicating the extensive activity of TEs in natural rice accessions. Thirty-five TE families exhibited potentially high activity in at least one rice accession, and the majority of them showed variable activity among different rice groups/subgroups. These naturally active TEs would be ideal candidates for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the transposition and activation of TEs, as well as investigating the interactions between TEs and the host genome.

scholarly journals Role of MCC/Eisosome in Fungal Lipid Homeostasis

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahumensky ◽  
Malinsky
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Membrane Microdomains ◽  
Bar Domain ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Membrane Microdomain ◽  
Membrane Compartment ◽  
Plasma Membrane Domain

One of the best characterized fungal membrane microdomains is the MCC/eisosome. The MCC (membrane compartment of Can1) is an evolutionarily conserved ergosterol-rich plasma membrane domain. It is stabilized on its cytosolic face by the eisosome, a hemitubular protein complex composed of Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain-containing Pil1 and Lsp1. These two proteins bind directly to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and promote the typical furrow-like shape of the microdomain, with highly curved edges and bottom. While some proteins display stable localization in the MCC/eisosome, others enter or leave it under particular conditions, such as misbalance in membrane lipid composition, changes in membrane tension, or availability of specific nutrients. These findings reveal that the MCC/eisosome, a plasma membrane microdomain with distinct morphology and lipid composition, acts as a multifaceted regulator of various cellular processes including metabolic pathways, cellular morphogenesis, signalling cascades, and mRNA decay. In this minireview, we focus on the MCC/eisosome’s proposed role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. While the molecular mechanisms of the MCC/eisosome function are not completely understood, the idea of intracellular processes being regulated at the plasma membrane, the foremost barrier exposed to environmental challenges, is truly exciting.

scholarly journals Constitutive and inducible Saccharomyces cerevisiae promoters: evidence for two distinct molecular mechanisms.

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 3847-3853 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Struhl
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Inducible Promoters ◽  
Upstream Promoter ◽  
Selection Of

his3 and pet56 are adjacent Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes that are transcribed in opposite directions from initiation sites that are separated by 200 base pairs. Under normal growth conditions, in which his3 and pet56 are transcribed at similar basal levels, a poly(dA-dT) sequence located between the genes serves as the upstream promoter element for both. In contrast, his3 but not pet56 transcription is induced during conditions of amino acid starvation, even though the critical regulatory site is located upstream of both respective TATA regions. Moreover, only one of the two normal his3 initiation sites is subject to induction. From genetic and biochemical evidence, I suggest that the his3-pet56 intergenic region contains constitutive and inducible promoters with different properties. In particular, two classes of TATA elements, constitutive (Tc) and regulatory (Tr), can be distinguished by their ability to respond to upstream regulatory elements, by their effects on the selection of initiation sites, and by their physical structure in nuclear chromatin. Constitutive and inducible his3 transcription is mediated by distinct promoters representing each class, whereas pet56 transcription is mediated by a constitutive promoter. Molecular mechanisms for these different kinds of S. cerevisiae promoters are proposed.

DYNAMIC COMPARTMENT MODELING OF HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION IN MOSSES

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devan Fitzpatrick ◽  
◽  
Alyssa E. Shiel ◽  
Bruce McCune
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Accumulation ◽  
Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽  
Compartment Modeling
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