scholarly journals Study on the Effectiveness of Simultaneous Recovery and Concentration of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquid by Electrodialysis with Heterogeneous Ion-Exchange Membranes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 13014
Author(s):  
Dorota Babilas ◽  
Anna Kowalik-Klimczak ◽  
Piotr Dydo
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
Linear Flow ◽  
Extensive Range ◽  
Concentration Degree ◽  
Efficient Recovery ◽  
Linear Flow Velocity

Due to the extensive range of ionic liquids (ILs) used in industry, an efficient recovery method is needed. In this study, the effectiveness of a simultaneous concentration and recovery method was investigated for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim]Cl), an IL that was recovered using electrodialysis (ED). The optimal operational parameters for electrodialytic recovery were determined empirically. The variables that were investigated included the concentration of IL, applied voltage, linear flow velocity and the diluate-to-concentrate volume ratio. The recovery of [Emim]Cl, the concentration degree, the [Emim]Cl flux across membranes, the current efficiency, as well as the energy consumption were determined. The results of the experiments confirmed that [Emim]Cl concentration and recovery can be achieved using ED. The highest ED efficiency was obtained when a 2 V electric potential per one membrane pair was applied, using a 2 cm/s linear flow velocity, and by adjusting to 0.2 M IL in the feed solution. By using ED, a 2.35-fold concentration of [Emim]Cl with a recovery of 90.4% could be achieved when the diluate-to-concentrate volume ratio was 2. On the other hand, a 3.35-fold concentration of [Emim]Cl with a recovery of 81.7% could be obtained when the diluate-to-concentrate volume ratio was increased to 5.

scholarly journals Biofouling Mitigation Approaches during Water Recovery from Fermented Broth via Forward Osmosis

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Stavros Kalafatakis ◽  
Agata Zarebska ◽  
Lene Lange ◽  
Claus Hélix-Nielsen ◽  
Ioannis V. Skiadas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Cross Flow Velocity

Forward Osmosis (FO) is a promising technology that can offer sustainable solutions in the biorefinery wastewater and desalination fields, via low energy water recovery. However, microbial biomass and organic matter accumulation on membrane surfaces can hinder the water recovery and potentially lead to total membrane blockage. Biofouling development is a rather complex process and can be affected by several factors such as nutrient availability, chemical composition of the solutions, and hydrodynamic conditions. Therefore, operational parameters like cross-flow velocity and pH of the filtration solution have been proposed as effective biofouling mitigation strategies. Nevertheless, most of the studies have been conducted with the use of rather simple solutions. As a result, biofouling mitigation practices based on such studies might not be as effective when applying complex industrial mixtures. In the present study, the effect of cross-flow velocity, pH, and cell concentration of the feed solution was investigated, with the use of complex solutions during FO separation. Specifically, fermentation effluent and crude glycerol were used as a feed and draw solution, respectively, with the purpose of recirculating water by using FO alone. The effect of the abovementioned parameters on (i) ATP accumulation, (ii) organic foulant deposition, (iii) total water recovery, (iv) reverse glycerol flux, and (v) process butanol rejection has been studied. The main findings of the present study suggest that significant reduction of biofouling can be achieved as a combined effect of high-cross flow velocity and low feed solution pH. Furthermore, cell removal from the feed solution prior filtration may further assist the reduction of membrane blockage. These results may shed light on the challenging, but promising field of FO process dealing with complex industrial solutions.

IV. An Improved Separation Method for Twenty two Compounds Related to Purine and 6-Thiopurine Metabolism Using High-Pressure Liquid Cation-Exchange Chromatography

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 905-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Joachim Breter
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Separation Method ◽  
Cation Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Linear Flow ◽  
Linear Flow Velocity

Abstract An improved method is described for the separation of 22 compounds normally related to purine and 6-thiopurine metabolism in biological materials using high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography on strongly acidic exchange resin. The column (0.18 × 100 cm) is eluted with 0.4 ᴍ ammonium formate, pH 4.6, at a linear flow velocity of 5.2 cm · min-1 at 50 °C. The elution volumes of sulphate anions, allopurinol, 6-thioxanthine, adenine, adenosine, and guanosine are demonstrated additionally to further 16 purine and 6-thiopurine compounds.

Influence of linear flow velocity and ion concentration on limiting current density during electrodialysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 334-340
Author(s):  
Kyung Jin Min ◽  
Eun Joo Oh ◽  
Gabin Kim ◽  
Joo Hyeong Kim ◽  
Jun Hee Ryu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Limiting Current ◽  
Linear Flow ◽  
Limiting Current Density ◽  
Linear Flow Velocity
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