scholarly journals Genes and Pathways Associated with Skeletal Sagittal Malocclusions: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 13037
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Gershater ◽  
Chenshuang Li ◽  
Pin Ha ◽  
Chun-Hsi Chung ◽  
Nipul Tanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Skeletal Malocclusion ◽  
Skeletal Class Ii

Skeletal class II and III malocclusions are craniofacial disorders that negatively impact people’s quality of life worldwide. Unfortunately, the growth patterns of skeletal malocclusions and their clinical correction prognoses are difficult to predict largely due to lack of knowledge of their precise etiology. Inspired by the strong inheritance pattern of a specific type of skeletal malocclusion, previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were reanalyzed, resulting in the identification of 19 skeletal class II malocclusion-associated and 53 skeletal class III malocclusion-associated genes. Functional enrichment of these genes created a signal pathway atlas in which most of the genes were associated with bone and cartilage growth and development, as expected, while some were characterized by functions related to skeletal muscle maturation and construction. Interestingly, several genes and enriched pathways are involved in both skeletal class II and III malocclusions, indicating the key regulatory effects of these genes and pathways in craniofacial development. There is no doubt that further investigation is necessary to validate these recognized genes’ and pathways’ specific function(s) related to maxillary and mandibular development. In summary, this systematic review provides initial insight on developing novel gene-based treatment strategies for skeletal malocclusions and paves the path for precision medicine where dental care providers can make an accurate prediction of the craniofacial growth of an individual patient based on his/her genetic profile.

scholarly journals Alveolar and symphysis regions of patients with skeletal class II division 1 anomalies with different vertical growth patterns

2012 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elcin Esenlik ◽  
Fidan Alakus Sabuncuoglu
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Skeletal Class Ii ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Division 1 ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Class Ii Division 1

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the alveolar and symphysis region properties in hyper-, hypo-, and normodivergent Class II division 1 anomaliesMethods: Pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 111 young adult female patients with skeletal Class II division 1 anomalies were compared to those of 54 Class I normal subjects (control group). Class II cases were divided into hyperdivergent (n = 58), hypodivergent (n = 19), and normodivergent groups (n = 34). The heights and widths of the symphysis and alveolus and the depth of maxillary palate were measured on the lateral cephalogramsResults: Mean symphysis width was wider in the hypodivergent Class II group than in the other groups, while mean symphysis height was similar among all groups. Maxillary palatal depth, upper incisor angle, upper and lower molar alveolar heights, and Id–Id′ width were also similar among groupsConclusion: Symphysis width is the main factor in the differential diagnosis of Class II division 1 anomaly rather than symphysis height and hypodivergent Class II Division 1 anomaly is more suitable for mandibular incisors movements. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:123-132)

scholarly journals Evaluation of the position and morphology of tongue and hyoid bone in skeletal Class II malocclusion based on cone beam computed tomography

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wener Chen ◽  
HungEn Mou ◽  
Yufen Qian ◽  
Liwen Qian
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Hyoid Bone ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Class I ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Skeletal Class Ii ◽  
Average Angle

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to analyze the morphology and position of the tongue and hyoid bone in skeletal Class II patients with different vertical growth patterns by cone beam computed tomography in comparison to skeletal Class I patients. Methods Ninety subjects with malocclusion were divided into skeletal Class II and Class I groups by ANB angles. Based on different vertical growth patterns, subjects in each group were divided into 3 subgroups: high-angle group (MP-FH ≥ 32.0°), average-angle group (22.0° ≤ MP-FH < 32°) and low-angle group (MP-FH < 22°). The position and morphology of the tongue and hyoid bone were evaluated in the cone beam computed tomography images. The independent Student’s t‐test was used to compare the position and morphology of the tongue and hyoid bone between skeletal Class I and Class II groups. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the measurement indexes of different vertical facial patterns in each group. Results Patients in skeletal Class II group had lower tongue posture, and the tongue body was smaller than that of those in the Class I group (P < 0.05). The position of the hyoid bone was lower in the skeletal Class II group than in Class I group (P < 0.05). The tongue length and H-Me in the skeletal Class I group with a low angle were significantly larger than those with an average angle and high angle (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the position or morphology of the tongue and hyoid bone in the skeletal Class II group with different vertical facial patterns (P > 0.05). Conclusion Patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion have lower tongue posture, a smaller tongue body, and greater occurrence of posterior inferior hyoid bone position than skeletal Class I patients. The length of the mandibular body in skeletal Class I patients with a horizontal growth type is longer. The position and morphology of the tongue and hyoid bone were not greatly affected by vertical facial development in skeletal Class II patients.

scholarly journals Management of a Skeletal Class II Malocclusion Using 2-Phase Treatment: An Indian Board of Orthodontics Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-247
Author(s):  
Snigdha Pattanaik
Keyword(s):  
Class Ii ◽  
Division I ◽  
Class Ii Malocclusion ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Skeletal Malocclusion ◽  
Skeletal Class Ii ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Tongue Thrust

PK, a 12-year-old female patient, was diagnosed with skeletal Class II due to retrognathic mandible, average growth pattern, Angle’s Class II, Division I malocclusion with Class II canine relation, mild upper anterior spacing, upper anterior proclination, uprighted lower anterior, lingually tipped 35, increased overjet and overbite, scissor bite Irt 24, 25, acute nasolabial angle, tongue thrust habit, incompetent lips, and lower lip trap. The nonextraction approach to orthodontic treatment was involved. The skeletal malocclusion was corrected using the twin-block appliance, followed by upper and lower pre-adjusted edgewise appliances (0.022 × 0.028 slot) with the MBT prescription.

scholarly journals Long Term Stability of Skeletal Class II Treatment with Modified Bionator Followed by Fixed Appliance - A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 1726-1731
Author(s):  
Harshil Naresh Joshi ◽  
Jay Soni ◽  
Santosh Kumar Goje ◽  
Arth Patel ◽  
Shireen Mann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Class Ii Treatment ◽  
Skeletal Class Ii ◽  
Division 1 ◽  
Class Ii Division 1

The most prevalent malocclusion seen in day-to-day practice is Class II division 1 malocclusion. Most patients with malocclusions in class II division 1 have an underlying skeletal difference between the maxilla and the mandible. The treatment of skeletal class II division 1 depends on the patient's age, the ability of growth potential, the seriousness of malocclusion, and the patient's adherence to treatment. Myofunctional equipment can be successfully used to treat rising patients with deficient mandible class II division 1 malocclusion. This case report shows a focus on Class II Division 1 care due to mandibular deficiency using modified bionator appliances accompanied by fixed mechanotherapy with growth modification approach. Class II Division 1 is one of the most widely encountered form of malocclusion in human populations. The common characteristic of Class II Div 1 malocclusion in growing children is mandibular retrusion, according to Dr. James McNamara.1 The prevalence of Skeletal Class II malocclusion is 15 % of the world's total population. Underlying difference between Maxillary & Mandibular jaw makes the Class II Div 1 malocclusion more complex than it appears. It’s due to a contribution of only maxilla, or only mandible, or a combination of both. The treatment of Class II division 1 relies on the patient's age, growth ability, degree of malocclusion, and patient compliance with therapy.1,2 The cases with retrognathic mandible must be addressed by altering the direction & amount of mandibular growth by using functional appliances.3 The Bionator is a tooth-borne appliance that significantly changes dental and skeletal component of the face through a repositioning of mandible in a more protrusive & balanced way, selective eruption of teeth and profile enhancement.4-7 The Balters Bionator was first introduced in 1960 by Wilhelm Balters as a functional appliance & still one of the most widely used removable appliances for correction of mandibular retrognathism.8 In functional orthopaedics, all aspects of genetically determined individual growth patterns are important, most particularly time, potential, and growth direction. Although during the prepubertal phase there is limited skeletal development, substantial growth occurs during puberty, but with great individual variation. To prevent damage to erupting teeth and to normalize jaw growth, early functional orthopaedic intervention in the prepubertal phase is used.9,10,11 The purpose of this case report is to illustrate how satisfactory results were obtained in the treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion with modified Bionator in young patients. The positive facial, dental and cephalometric improvements are also illustrated, with the aid of proper diagnosis, amplified by excellent patient cooperation in case selection.

scholarly journals Dental anomalies in orthodontic patients with and without skeletal discrepancies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Christina Avelar Fernandez ◽  
Mônica Gentil Mattos ◽  
Christiane Vasconcellos Cruz Alves Pereira ◽  
Marcelo De Castro Costa
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Systematic Search ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Class Iii Malocclusion ◽  
Dental Anomalies ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Skeletal Malocclusion ◽  
Skeletal Class Ii ◽  
Orthodontic Patients

Objective:To determine whether individuals withskeletal discrepancies of Class II or IIIdisplay a higher frequency of dental anomalies in comparison with individuals with Class I malocclusion. Design:A systematic search of the main electronic medical scientific literaturedatabases was conducted. Observational studies were selected if mentioning dental anomalies in the different skeletal malocclusion patterns.Results:A total of 4,768 studies were found and the duplicated studies (1,279) were removed, resulting in 3,489 papers to be analyzed. After screening by title, 138 were fit for screening by abstract. After that, a total of 13 papers were carefully read in full. Five studies included dental anomaly frequencies in orthodontic patients and included 7,679 participants. The frequency of dental anomalies ranged from 11.2% to 40.3%.It was observed that individuals with skeletal discrepancies of Class II and III had more dental anomalies when compared to individuals with Class I.Conclusion:Individuals with skeletal malocclusion patternshave more dental anomalies and there is an association between dental anomalies and skeletal Class II or Class III malocclusion patterns.

Nasalance Scores as a Function of Skeletal Malocclusion of English-Speaking Adults in the North Indian Population

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Verma ◽  
Nameksh Raj Bhupali ◽  
Satinder Pal Singh ◽  
Dharam Vir ◽  
Chaman Lal
Keyword(s):  
Class Ii ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
The North ◽  
Skeletal Malocclusion ◽  
Skeletal Class Ii ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 1

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> The objective of this study is quantitative assessment of nasalance for skeletal Class I (normative values), Class II, and III malocclusion in the English language for the North Indian population and to compare the normative values with the nasalance scores obtained from individuals with skeletal Class II and III malocclusion and to evaluate the normative values as a function of gender. <b><i>Material and Methods:</i></b> The study was conducted on a total sample of 200 patients with 100, 50, and 50 in group 1 (control group, Skeletal Class I), group 2 (Skeletal Class II), and group 3 (Skeletal Class III), respectively. ANB angle (anteroposterior angle formed by point A, nasion, and point B) measured on lateral cephalogram was used to categorize the patients into 3 groups. The normative nasalance scores were compared for males and females in the control group. The nasalance scores of skeletal Class II and III subjects were compared to the combined normative scores of the control group. The NasalView was used for the objective assessment of nasalance. Oral syllables (/pa/and/pi/), nasal syllables (/ma/and/mi/), and 3 passages (Zoo passage, Rainbow passage, and Nasal sentences) were used to determine the nasalance scores. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The intragroup comparison of nasalance scores in group 1 showed statistically significant differences for different stimuli. The gender-related comparison showed no statistically significant differences in nasalance scores. The intergroup comparison of nasalance scores for skeletal malocclusion showed no statistically significant differences for different stimuli except statistically significant lower nasalance values for nasal sentences in group 3 compared to the control group. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The study concluded that the nasalance scores for nasal sentences in skeletal Class III malocclusion were significantly lower than in the control group and were not statistically significant between the 3 groups for all other stimuli.

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