scholarly journals Eye-Tracking Studies of Web Search Engines: A Systematic Literature Review

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Strzelecki
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Search Engine ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Web Searches ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Web Search Engines ◽  
Element Matrix

This paper analyzes peer-reviewed empirical eye-tracking studies of behavior in web search engines. A framework is created to examine the effectiveness of eye-tracking by drawing on the results of, and discussions concerning previous experiments. Based on a review of 56 papers on eye-tracking for search engines from 2004 to 2019, a 12-element matrix for coding procedure is proposed. Content analysis shows that this matrix contains 12 common parts: search engine; apparatus; participants; interface; results; measures; scenario; tasks; language; presentation, research questions; and findings. The literature review covers results, the contexts of web searches, a description of participants in eye-tracking studies, and the types of studies performed on the search engines. The paper examines the state of current research on the topic and points out gaps in the existing literature. The review indicates that behavior on search engines has changed over the years. Search engines’ interfaces have been improved by adding many new functions and users have moved from desktop searches to mobile searches. The findings of this review provide avenues for further studies as well as for the design of search engines.

WEBCONTENT VISUALIZER: A VISUALIZATION SYSTEM FOR SEARCH ENGINES IN SEMATIC WEB

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (05) ◽  
pp. 913-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIANYONG FANG ◽  
CHRISTIAN JACQUEMIN ◽  
FRÉDÉRIC VERNIER
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Web ◽  
Search Engine ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Search Query ◽  
Visualization System ◽  
Xml Documents ◽  
Web Search Engines ◽  
New Generation

Since the results from Semantic Web search engines are highly structured XML documents, they cannot be efficiently visualized with traditional explorers. Therefore, the Semantic Web calls for a new generation of search query visualizers that can rely on document metadata. This paper introduces such a visualization system called WebContent Visualizer that is used to display and browse search engine results. The visualization is organized into three levels: (1) Carousels contain documents with the same ranking, (2) carousels are piled into stacks, one for each date, and (3) these stacks are organized along a meta-carousel to display the results for several dates. Carousel stacks are piles of local carousels with increasing radii to visualize the ranks of classes. For document comparison, colored links connect documents between neighboring classes on the basis of shared entities. Based on these techniques, the interface is made of three collaborative components: an inspector window, a visualization panel, and a detailed dialog component. With this architecture, the system is intended to offer an efficient way to explore the results returned by Semantic Web search engines.

Rethinking gaming: The ethical work of optimization in web search engines

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Ziewitz
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Web Search ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Ethical Work ◽  
Web Search Engines ◽  
The One ◽  
A Site ◽  
Shifting Boundaries ◽  
Precarious Situation

When measures come to matter, those measured find themselves in a precarious situation. On the one hand, they have a strong incentive to respond to measurement so as to score a favourable rating. On the other hand, too much of an adjustment runs the risk of being flagged and penalized by system operators as an attempt to ‘game the system’. Measures, the story goes, are most useful when they depict those measured as they usually are and not how they intend to be. In this article, I explore the practices and politics of optimization in the case of web search engines. Drawing on materials from ethnographic fieldwork with search engine optimization (SEO) consultants in the United Kingdom, I show how maximizing a website’s visibility in search results involves navigating the shifting boundaries between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ optimization. Specifically, I am interested in the ethical work performed as SEO consultants artfully arrange themselves to cope with moral ambiguities provoked and delegated by the operators of the search engine. Building on studies of ethics as a practical accomplishment, I suggest that the ethicality of optimization has itself become a site of governance and contestation. Studying such practices of ‘being ethical’ not only offers opportunities for rethinking popular tropes like ‘gaming the system’, but also draws attention to often-overlooked struggles for authority at the margins of contemporary ranking schemes.

scholarly journals Reliability of women epilepsy related information from main web search engines in China?deceitful web search environment and illumination (Preprint)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Zhu ◽  
Xiangmiao Qiu ◽  
Dingwang Wu ◽  
Shidong Chen ◽  
Jiwen Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Academic Publishing ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Web Search Engines ◽  
Electronic Health

BACKGROUND All electronic health practices like app/software are involved in web search engine due to its convenience for receiving information. The success of electronic health has link with the success of web search engines in field of health. Yet information reliability from search engine results remains to be evaluated. A detail analysis can find out setbacks and bring inspiration. OBJECTIVE Find out reliability of women epilepsy related information from the searching results of main search engines in China. METHODS Six physicians conducted the search work every week. Search key words are one kind of AEDs (valproate acid/oxcarbazepine/levetiracetam/ lamotrigine) plus "huaiyun"/"renshen", both of which means pregnancy in Chinese. The search were conducted in different devices (computer/cellphone), different engines (Baidu/Sogou/360). Top ten results of every search result page were included. Two physicians classified every results into 9 categories according to their contents and also evaluated the reliability. RESULTS A total of 16411 searching results were included. 85.1% of web pages were with advertisement. 55% were categorized into question and answers according to their contents. Only 9% of the searching results are reliable, 50.7% are partly reliable, 40.3% unreliable. With the ranking of the searching results higher, advertisement up and the proportion of those unreliable increase. All contents from hospital websites are unreliable at all and all from academic publishing are reliable. CONCLUSIONS Several first principles must be emphasized to further the use of web search engines in field of healthcare. First, identification of registered physicians and development of an efficient system to guide the patients to physicians guarantee the quality of information provided. Second, corresponding department should restrict the excessive advertisement sale trades in healthcare area by specific regulations to avoid negative impact on patients. Third, information from hospital websites should be carefully judged before embracing them wholeheartedly.

scholarly journals Eysenbach, Tuische and Diepgen’s Evaluation of Web Searching for Identifying Unpublished Studies for Systematic Reviews: An Innovative Study Which is Still Relevant Today

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Simon Briscoe
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Search Engine ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Web Searching ◽  
Web Searches ◽  
Web Search Engine ◽  
Unpublished Studies

A Review of: Eysenbach, G., Tuische, J. & Diepgen, T.L. (2001). Evaluation of the usefulness of Internet searches to identify unpublished clinical trials for systematic reviews. Medical Informatics and the Internet in Medicine, 26(3), 203-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639230110075459 Objective – To consider whether web searching is a useful method for identifying unpublished studies for inclusion in systematic reviews. Design – Retrospective web searches using the AltaVista search engine were conducted to identify unpublished studies – specifically, clinical trials – for systematic reviews which did not use a web search engine. Setting – The Department of Clinical Social Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany. Subjects – n/a Methods – Pilot testing of 11 web search engines was carried out to determine which could handle complex search queries. Pre-specified search requirements included the ability to handle Boolean and proximity operators, and truncation searching. A total of seven Cochrane systematic reviews were randomly selected from the Cochrane Library Issue 2, 1998, and their bibliographic database search strategies were adapted for the web search engine, AltaVista. Each adaptation combined search terms for the intervention, problem, and study type in the systematic review. Hints to planned, ongoing, or unpublished studies retrieved by the search engine, which were not cited in the systematic reviews, were followed up by visiting websites and contacting authors for further details when required. The authors of the systematic reviews were then contacted and asked to comment on the potential relevance of the identified studies. Main Results – Hints to 14 unpublished and potentially relevant studies, corresponding to 4 of the 7 randomly selected Cochrane systematic reviews, were identified. Out of the 14 studies, 2 were considered irrelevant to the corresponding systematic review by the systematic review authors. The relevance of a further three studies could not be clearly ascertained. This left nine studies which were considered relevant to a systematic review. In addition to this main finding, the pilot study to identify suitable search engines found that AltaVista was the only search engine able to handle the complex searches required to search for unpublished studies. Conclusion –Web searches using a search engine have the potential to identify studies for systematic reviews. Web search engines have considerable limitations which impede the identification of studies.

Design and Implementation of a Cache System in Web Search Engines

2013 ◽  
Vol 462-463 ◽  
pp. 1106-1109
Author(s):  
Hong Yuan Ma
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Communication Architecture ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Web Search Engine ◽  
Inverted List ◽  
Web Search Engines ◽  
Application Processor ◽  
Cache System

Web search engine caches the results which is frequently queried by users. It is an effective approach to improve the efficiency of Web search engines. In this paper, we give some valuable experience in our design and implementation of a Web search engine cache system. We present there design principles: logical layer processing, event-based communication architecture and avoiding frequent data copy. We also introduce the architecture presented in practice, including connection processor, application processor, query results caching processor, inverted list caching processor and list intersection caching processor. Experiments are conducted in our cache system using a real Web search engine query log.

TemporalClassifier

2018 ◽  
pp. 1143-1165
Author(s):  
Rahul Pradhan ◽  
Dilip Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Web Page ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Temporal Boundary ◽  
Web Search Engines ◽  
The Web

Users issuing query on search engine, expect results to more relevant to query topic rather than just the textual match with text in query. Studies conducted by few researchers shows that user want the search engine to understand the implicit intent of query rather than looking the textual match in hypertext structure of document or web page. In this paper the authors will be addressing queries that have any temporal intent and help the web search engines to classify them in certain categories. These classes or categories will help search engine to understand and cater the need of query. The authors will consider temporal expression (e.g. 1943) in document and categories them on the basis of temporal boundary of that query. Their experiment classifies the query and tries to suggest further course of action for search engines. Results shows that classifying the query to these classes will help user to reach his/her seeking information faster.

A Study on Web Searching

2004 ◽  
pp. 208-225
Author(s):  
Shanfeng Zhu ◽  
Xiaotie Deng ◽  
Qizhi Fang ◽  
Weimin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Web Searching ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Total Index ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Web Search Engines ◽  
The Web

Web search engines are one of the most popular services to help users find useful information on the Web. Although many studies have been carried out to estimate the size and overlap of the general web search engines, it may not benefit the ordinary web searching users, since they care more about the overlap of the top N (N=10, 20 or 50) search results on concrete queries, but not the overlap of the total index database. In this study, we present experimental results on the comparison of the overlap of the top N (N=10, 20 or 50) search results from AlltheWeb, Google, AltaVista and WiseNut for the 58 most popular queries, as well as for the distance of the overlapped results. These 58 queries are chosen from WordTracker service, which records the most popular queries submitted to some famous metasearch engines, such as MetaCrawler and Dogpile. We divide these 58 queries into three categories for further investigation. Through in-depth study, we observe a number of interesting results: the overlap of the top N results retrieved by different search engines is very small; the search results of the queries in different categories behave in dramatically different ways; Google, on average, has the highest overlap among these four search engines; each search engine tends to adopt a different rank algorithm independently.

A Semantic-Based Dynamic Search Engine Design and Implementation for Electronic Medical Records

2012 ◽  
pp. 285-297
Author(s):  
Weider D. Yu ◽  
Seshadri K. Yilayavilli
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Engine Design ◽  
Search Service ◽  
Web Search Engines ◽  
World Information ◽  
The Right

In the current technology driven world, information retrieval activities are in almost every aspect of daily, as society uses popular web search engines like Google, Yahoo!, Live Search, Ask, and so forth to obtain helpful information. Often, these popular search engines look for and obtain key information; however, not all of the retrieved items are relevant in context to the search target a. Thus, it is left for the user to filter out unwanted information, using only a few information items left from the search results. These popular web search engines use a first generation search service based on “static keywords”, which require the users to know exactly what they want to search and enter the right keywords. This approach puts the user at a disadvantage. In this paper, the authors investigate and design a dynamic, question-answer search engine that enables searching by attributes for more precise and relevant information in Electronic Medical Record (EMR) field.

scholarly journals Privacy Proliferation of Customized Web Search Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.32) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
N Arunachalam ◽  
S Radjou ◽  
P Aravindan ◽  
T Sivagurunathan
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Web Search ◽  
User Privacy ◽  
Search System ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Web Search Engine ◽  
Web Search Engines

In last few years the illegal disclosure of user privacy in web search engine has become more serious. Protecting and Pre-venting user privacy from illegal disclosure is attracting the interest among researchers in recent times. Existing web search engines do not consider the privacy of the users. Search engines tend to collect all the information from the user. A system to ensure the privacy of the user is essential. Hence, the Personalized Web Search (PWS) method was put forward to take control over the amount of information that the user can provide to the search engines. This PWS provides privacy protec-tion in web search system and minimize the information disclosure of the user related to privacy through a customizable web-search.  

A Study on Web Searching

2008 ◽  
pp. 1926-1937
Author(s):  
Shanfeng Chu ◽  
Xiaotie Deng ◽  
Qizhi Fang ◽  
Weimin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Web Searching ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Total Index ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Web Search Engines ◽  
The Web

Web search engines are one of the most popular services to help users find useful information on the Web. Although many studies have been carried out to estimate the size and overlap of the general web search engines, it may not benefit the ordinary web searching users, since they care more about the overlap of the top N (N=10, 20 or 50) search results on concrete queries, but not the overlap of the total index database. In this study, we present experimental results on the comparison of the overlap of the top N (N=10, 20 or 50) search results from AlltheWeb, Google, AltaVista and WiseNut for the 58 most popular queries, as well as for the distance of the overlapped results. These 58 queries are chosen from WordTracker service, which records the most popular queries submitted to some famous metasearch engines, such as MetaCrawler and Dogpile. We divide these 58 queries into three categories for further investigation. Through in-depth study, we observe a number of interesting results: the overlap of the top N results retrieved by different search engines is very small; the search results of the queries in different categories behave in dramatically different ways; Google, on average, has the highest overlap among these four search engines; each search engine tends to adopt a different rank algorithm independently.

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